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Page 2
| Gastrointestinal tract losses | • Chronic diarrhea, including chronic laxative abuse and bowel diversion
• Clay (bentonite) ingestion, which binds potassium and greatly decreases absorption • Villous adenoma of the colon, which causes massive potassium secretion (rarely) |
| Intracellular shift | • Glycogenesis during total parenteral nutrition or enteral hyperalimentation (stimulating insulin release)
• Insulin administration
• Stimulation of the sympathetic nervous system, particularly with beta 2-agonists (albuterol, terbutaline)
• Thyrotoxicosis (occasionally) due to excessive beta-sympathetic stimulation (hypokalemic thyrotoxic periodic paralysis) • Familial periodic paralysis |
| Renal potassium losses | • Adrenal steroid excess (Cushing’s syndrome)
• Primary hyperaldosteronism
• Rare renin-secreting tumors
• Glucocorticoid-remediable congenital adrenal hyperplasia.
• Ingestion of substances such as glycyrrhizin
• Bartter syndromeGitelman syndrome Liddle syndrome
• Renal tubular acidosis Fanconi syndrome • Hypomagnesemia |
| Drugs | • Thiazides
• Loop diuretics
• Osmotic diuretics
• Laxatives
• Amphotericin B
• Antipseudomonal penicillins (carbenicillin)
• Penicillin in high doses • Theophylline (both acute and chronic intoxication) |