Touch.
Touch promotes closeness in four different ways. First of all, touch provides rewards to others; it is as pleasurable as a bright smile or a taste of chocolate. The right kind of touch stimulates specific cells under your skin—the largest organ in your body—that
trigger activation in the orbitofrontal cortex, a brain region involved in the representation of rewards (Rolls, 2000). Touch, again the right kind, can also trigger the release of oxytocin (Keltner,
2009).
A second way that touches builds closeness is that it soothes in times of stress. Touch reduces levels of the stress hormone cortisol (Francis & Meaney, 1999). In one study, married women anticipating an electric shock showed decreased threat-related
activity in stress-related regions of the brain (for example, the right anterior insula, superior frontal gyrus, and hypothalamus) when holding the hand of a spouse, but not that of a stranger (Coan, Schaefer, & Davidson, 2006).
A
third way that touch promotes closeness is that it encourages reciprocity, a foundation of friendships and intimate bonds. Nonhuman primates spend up to 20 percent of their day grooming and systematically share food with other non-kin who have groomed them earlier in the day. In humans, friendly patterns of touch have
been found to increase compliance to requests (Willis & Hamm, 1980) and cooperation toward strangers in economic games (Kurzban, 2001).
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- Social Science
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- Cognitive Psychology
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Second Part of Motivation Unit
Terms in this set (33)
James Lange Theory
Emotion is the result of the interpretation of bodily fluctuations
Event /Stimulus Physiological Arousal Emotion
Facial Feedback Hypothesis
If facial expressions
are manipulated, like furrowing brows,
people feel sad while looking at sad pictures
Cannon Bard Theory
Emotions are the result of the thalamus receiving sensory info about event/stimulus and relaying the info simultaneously to the autonomic nervous system and the cerebral cortex
Ex) Ben was in a car accident. He experienced fear
(cereberal cortex) the same time he experienced increased heart rate (autonomic nervous system)
Two factor theory
theory that to experience emotion one must (1) be physically aroused and (2) cognitively label the arousal.
Spill over effect/ transferred excitement
the spillover effect is when one's emotions affect the way one perceives other events. For example "arousal from a soccer match can fuel anger, which can descend into rioting or other violent confrontations"
Schachter and Singer
Schachter and Singer injected college men with the hormone epinephrine, which triggers feelings of arousal.
The volunteers felt little emotion—because they attributed their arousal to the drug. Other participants "caught" the apparent emotion of the other person in the waiting room. They became happy if the accomplice was acting euphoric, and testy if the accomplice was acting irritated.
Cognitive Appraisal Theory
In the absence of physiological arousal, we decide what to feel after interpreting or explaining what has just happened.
Two things are important in this: whether we interpret the event as good or bad for us, and what we believe is the
cause of the event
Opponent Process Theory
The experiencing of emotions disrupts the body's state of homeostasis. Emotions occur in opposite pairs and oppose one another so that homeostasis can once again be achieved. (Ex: happy, sad)
Sympathetic Nervous System
mobilizes your body for action, directing your adrenal glands to release the stress hormones epinephrine (adrenaline) and norepinephrine (noradrenaline)
Parasympathetic Nervous System
Calms your body after a stressful event
Amgdala
Associated with fear
Right prefrontal love v. left prefrontal lobe
Left
prefrontal cortex is associated with positive emotions (happiness); while activity of the right prefrontal cortex is associated with negative emotions (disgust)
Positive moods tend to trigger more left frontal lobe activity.
Spinal Cord Injuries
?
Fast paced system of emotion:
Unconscious and immediate, response by the amygdala
Slow paced system of emotion
Conscious appraisal
Nucleus Accumbens
Associated with pleasure
Detecting Emotion
The brain is very good at detecting subtle differences in expressions. However, even trained professionals find it difficult to detect emotion in others. The behaivoral differences between liars and truth tellers are too minute for most people to detect.
Introverts vs. extroverts
introverts tend to excel at reading other's emotions, while extroverts are generally easier to read
Basic Emotions
There are ten basic emotions: joy, interest/excitement,
suprise, sadness, anger, disgust, contempt, fear, shame, and guilt.
Love (could be number 11)
Computer based communication
Electronic communications provide impoverished nonverbal cues.The absence of expressive e-motion can make for ambiguous emotion. Without the vocal nuances that signal whether a statement is serious, kidding, or sarcastic, we are in danger of mis-communicating
The facial code
Most researchers believe that there is a facial code that governs the way we display emotions on our face and interpret emotions on other people's faces. This code is probably derived from our evolutionary past and is common to all humans, regardless of race or culture.
Gender differences in emotion
Women generally tend to surpass men
when reading people's emotional cues. Women have better non-verbal sensitivity.
Anger strikes people as a more masculine emotion
polygraph
measures several of the physiological responses (such as perspiration and cardiovascular and breathing changes) accompanying emotion
Faults of polygraphs
People have similar physiological
responces to different emotions, which might lead to accusal of the wrong person.
Scientists are working on lie detecors that study microexpression
Microexpressions
brief, involuntary facial expression shown on the face of humans according to emotions experienced. They usually occur in high-stakes situations, where people have something to lose or gain. Microexpressions occur when a person is consciously trying to conceal all signs of how he or she is feeling, or when a person does not consciously know how he or she is feeling
Culutral Similarities and Differences
Cultures share a universal language for basic facial emotions, but they differ in how much they express emotions.
Catharsis
"releasing" aggressive energy (through
action or fantasy) relieves aggressive urges
In short, expressing anger can be temporarily calming if it does not leave us feeling guilty or anxious.
Feel good, do good phenomenon
people's tendency to be helpful when already in a good mood
Subjective well being
self perceived happiness or satisfaction with life. Our feelings of happiness (sometimes defined as a high ratio of positive to negative feelings) or sense of satisfaction with life.
Income happiness return/ diminishing return
To an extent, wealth does correlate with well being (especially in poor countries) but once one has enough money to buy food, pilling up more money does little for their happiness
Adaption level phenomenon
Our tendecy to judge various stimuli in comparison with our past experiences
ex) we make more money than we did yesterday, we feel a twinge of happiness
relative deprivation
the perception that one is worse off relative to those whome one compares oneself
indicators of happiness
high
self esteem
be optimistic, outgoing
have close friends or satisfying marriage
have work and leisure that engages skills
have an active religous faith
sleep well and excercise
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