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Page 2
Baseline characteristics of participants in NHS and HPFS
Glutamine-to-glutamate ratio | 0.8 (0.1) | 1.0 (0.0) | 1.3 (0.2) | 0.8 (0.1) | 1.0 (0.0) | 1.3 (0.2) |
Glutamine, g/day | 6.2 (1.1) | 6.4 (1.0) | 6.7 (1.0) | 7.5 (1.2) | 8.0 (1.1) | 8.7 (1.5) |
Glutamate, g/day | 8.0 (1.6) | 6.5 (1.0) | 5.3 (0.9) | 9.6 (1.7) | 8.0 (1.2) | 6.6 (1.2) |
Age, yearsa | 50.7 (7.0) | 50.0 (7.2) | 50.0 (7.4) | 54.1 (9.4) | 52.8 (9.5) | 52.5 (9.6) |
BMI, kg/m2 | 25.3 (4.8) | 24.9 (4.7) | 24.6 (4.6) | 26.0 (3.5) | 25.3 (3.1) | 24.8 (3.1) |
Alcohol, g/day | 7.8 (12.2) | 6.6 (10.6) | 5.8 (10.6) | 11.7 (15.5) | 10.8 (14.2) | 10.6 (15.7) |
Physical activity, h/week | 3.2 (2.2) | 3.1 (2.1) | 2.9 (2.1) | 2.7 (4.3) | 2.8 (4.0) | 3.0 (4.5) |
Past smoker | 33.1 | 31.7 | 29.1 | 42.4 | 39.3 | 38.5 |
Current smoker | 25.8 | 22.6 | 23.5 | 11.9 | 8.6 | 7.2 |
Multivitamin use, % | 38.9 | 36.7 | 34.8 | 61.7 | 63.6 | 63.8 |
Aspirin use, % | 70.6 | 72.2 | 70.2 | 27.3 | 26.8 | 25.4 |
Family history of myocardial infarction, % | 26.1 | 24.8 | 24.3 | 32.1 | 31.7 | 31.6 |
Family history of cancer, % | 13.7 | 14.5 | 14.9 | 33.7 | 35.0 | 34.3 |
History of hypertension, % | 23.2 | 21.4 | 18.9 | 22.6 | 19.1 | 17.6 |
History of hypercholesterolaemia, % | 8.4 | 7.5 | 7.7 | 11.0 | 10.7 | 10.7 |
History of diabetes, % | 3.4 | 2.7 | 2.4 | 3.2 | 2.2 | 1.6 |
White, % | 96.8 | 98.5 | 98.7 | 94.2 | 96.2 | 96.6 |
Total energy intake, kcal/day | 1729.0 (536.0) | 1764.9 (527.9) | 1718.5 (533.0) | 1930.3 (568.8) | 1981.6 (563.4) | 1936.6 (563.8) |
Protein intake, g/day | 79.9 (13.3) | 69.0 (9.5) | 60.4 (9.2) | 102.7 (16.8) | 89.7 (12.5) | 79.2 (12.5) |
Red meat intake, serving/d | 1.3 (0.8) | 1.1 (0.6) | 0.9 (0.5) | 1.3 (0.9) | 1.1 (0.7) | 0.8 (0.6) |
Fruit intake, serving/day | 1.5 (1.2) | 1.4 (1.0) | 1.2 (1.0) | 1.6 (1.3) | 1.6 (1.2) | 1.6 (1.3) |
Vegetable intake, serving/day | 3.2 (1.8) | 2.7 (1.5) | 2.4 (1.3) | 3.2 (1.9) | 2.9 (1.6) | 2.7 (1.7) |
Whole grain intake, g/day | 10.5 (10.0) | 14.7 (12.6) | 19.0 (17.6) | 15.5 (14.7) | 22.7 (17.6) | 31.8 (27.2) |
Dietary fiber intake, g/day | 15.9 (5.0) | 16.4 (4.7) | 16.9 (5.1) | 19.6 (6.7) | 21.1 (6.7) | 23.1 (8.1) |
Alternate Healthy Eating Index score | 44.2 (10.5) | 41.8 (10.0) | 41.1 (10.0) | 47.2 (10.8) | 46.5 (10.7) | 46.4 (11.1) |