What process exerts the pull in water molecules that is relayed from leaf to root via cohesion?

Understanding:

•  The cohesive property of water and the structure of the xylem vessels allow transport under tension

    
The flow of water through the xylem from the roots to the leaf, against gravity, is called the transpiration stream

• Water rises through xylem vessels due to two key properties of water – cohesion and adhesion

Cohesion:

• Cohesion is the force of attraction between two particles of the same substance (e.g. between two water molecules)
• Water molecules are polar and can form a type of intermolecular association called a hydrogen bond
• This cohesive property causes water molecules to be dragged up the xylem towards the leaves in a continuous stream

Adhesion:

• Adhesion is the force of attraction between two particles of different substances (e.g. water molecule and xylem wall)
• The xylem wall is also polar and hence can form intermolecular associations with water molecules
• As water molecules move up the xylem via capillary action, they pull inward on the xylem walls to generate further tension

Water Transport via the Xylem

Structure of the Xylem

The xylem is a specialised structure that functions to facilitate the movement of water throughout the plant

• It is a tube composed of dead cells that are hollow (no protoplasm) to allow for the free movement of water
• Because the cells are dead, the movement of water is an entirely passive process and occurs in one direction only
• The cell wall contains numerous pores (called pits), which enables water to be transferred between cells
• Walls have thickened cellulose and are reinforced by lignin, so as to provide strength as water is transported under tension

Basic Xylem Structure

Xylems can be composed of tracheids (all vascular plants) and vessel elements (certain vascular plants only)

• Tracheids are tapered cells that exchange water solely via pits, leading to a slower rate of water transfer
• In vessel elements, the end walls have become fused to form a continuous tube, resulting in a faster rate of water transfer

All xylem vessels are reinforced by lignin, which may be deposited in different ways:

• In annular vessels, the lignin forms a pattern of circular rings at equal distances from each other
• In spiral vessels, the lignin is present in the form of a helix or coil 

Additional Xylem Features

Home Work Help

What process exerts the pull on water molecules that is relayed from leaf to root via cohesion?

{"appState":{"pageLoadApiCallsStatus":true},"articleState":{"article":{"headers":{"creationTime":"2016-03-26T15:34:02+00:00","modifiedTime":"2016-03-26T15:34:02+00:00","timestamp":"2022-09-14T18:05:39+00:00"},"data":{"breadcrumbs":[{"name":"Academics & The Arts","_links":{"self":"//dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/categories/33662"},"slug":"academics-the-arts","categoryId":33662},{"name":"Science","_links":{"self":"//dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/categories/33756"},"slug":"science","categoryId":33756},{"name":"Biology","_links":{"self":"//dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/categories/33760"},"slug":"biology","categoryId":33760}],"title":"How Plants Pull and Transport Water","strippedTitle":"how plants pull and transport water","slug":"how-plants-pull-and-transport-water","canonicalUrl":"","seo":{"metaDescription":"Several processes work together to transport water from where a plant absorbs it (the roots) upward through the rest of its body. To understand how these proces","noIndex":0,"noFollow":0},"content":"<p>Several processes work together to transport water from where a plant absorbs it (the roots) upward through the rest of its body. To understand how these processes work, you first need to know one key feature of water: Water molecules tend to stick together, literally.</p>\n<p class=\"Remember\">Water molecules are attracted to one another and to surfaces by weak electrical attractions<i>.</i> When water molecules stick together by hydrogen bonds, scientists call it <i>c</i><i>o</i><i>hesion. </i>When water molecules stick to other materials, scientists call it <i>adhesion.</i></p>\n<p>A familiar example of the stickiness of water occurs when you drink water through a straw — a process that’s very similar to the method plants use to pull water through their bodies. You apply suction at the top of the straw, and the water molecules move toward your mouth. </p>\n<p>Because the molecules cling to each other on the sides of the straw, they stay together in a continuous column and flow into your mouth.</p>\n<p>Scientists call the explanation for how water moves through plants the <i>cohesion-tension the</i><i>o</i><i>ry. </i>It involves three main factors:</p>\n<ul class=\"level-one\">\n <li><p class=\"first-para\"><b>Transpiration:</b> <i>Transpiration</i> is the technical term for the evaporation of water from plants. As water evaporates through the stomata in the leaves (or any part of the plant exposed to air), it creates a negative pressure (also called <i>tension </i>or <i>suction</i>) in the leaves and tissues of the xylem. </p>\n<p class=\"child-para\">The negative pressure exerts a pulling force on the water in the plant’s xylem and draws the water upward (just like you draw water upward when you suck on a straw).</p>\n </li>\n <li><p class=\"first-para\"><b>Cohesion: </b>When water molecules stick to one another through <i>cohesion,</i> they fill the column in the xylem and act as a huge single molecule of water (like water in a straw).</p>\n </li>\n <li><p class=\"first-para\"><b>Capillary action:</b><i> Capillary action</i> is the movement of a liquid across the surface of a solid caused by adhesion between the two. When you a place a tube in water, water automatically moves up the sides of the tube because of adhesion, even before you apply any sucking force. </p>\n<p class=\"child-para\">The narrower the tube, the higher the water climbs on its own. In plants, adhesion forces water up the columns of cells in the xylem and through fine tubes in the cell wall.</p>\n </li>\n</ul>\n<p>Environmental conditions like heat, wind, and dry air can increase the rate of transpiration from a plant’s leaves, causing water to move more quickly through the xylem. Sometimes, the pull from the leaves is stronger than the weak electrical attractions among the water molecules, and the column of water can break, causing air bubbles to form in the xylem.</p>\n<p class=\"Remember\">The sudden appearance of gas bubbles in a liquid is called <i>cavitation.</i></p>\n<p>To repair the lines of water, plants create <i>root pressure</i> to push water up into the xylem. At night, root cells release ions into the xylem, increasing its solute concentration. Water flows into the xylem by osmosis, pushing a broken water column up through the gap until it reaches the rest of the column.</p>\n<p>If environmental conditions cause rapid water loss, plants can protect themselves by closing their stomata. However, after the stomata are closed, plants don’t have access to carbon dioxide (CO₂) from the atmosphere, which shuts down photosynthesis. Some plants, like those that live in deserts, must routinely juggle between the competing demands of getting CO₂and not losing too much water.</p>\n<p>For <b>questions </b><b>1–5</b>, use the terms that follow to demonstrate the movement of water through plants by labeling the figure.</p>\n<div class=\"imageBlock\" style=\"width:400px;\"><img src=\"//sg.cdnki.com/what-process-exerts-the-pull-in-water-molecules-that-is-relayed-from-leaf-to-root-via-cohesion---aHR0cHM6Ly93d3cuZHVtbWllcy5jb20vd3AtY29udGVudC91cGxvYWRzLzM2MjA1My5pbWFnZTAuanBn.webp\" width=\"400\" height=\"297\" alt=\"[Credit: Illustration by Kathryn Born, M.A.]\"/><div class=\"imageCredit\">Credit: Illustration by Kathryn Born, M.A.</div></div>\n<p class=\"recipe_ingredient\">a. Cohesion</p>\n<p class=\"recipe_ingredient\">b. Osmosis</p>\n<p class=\"recipe_ingredient\">c. Adhesion</p>\n<p class=\"recipe_ingredient\">d. Transpiration</p>\n<p class=\"recipe_ingredient_last\">e. Stomata</p>\n<p>The following is how the figure should be labeled:</p>\n<ol class=\"level-one\">\n <li><p class=\"first-para\">d. Transpiration</p>\n </li>\n <li><p class=\"first-para\">e. Stomata</p>\n </li>\n <li><p class=\"first-para\">c. Adhesion</p>\n </li>\n <li><p class=\"first-para\">a. Cohesion</p>\n </li>\n <li><p class=\"first-para\">b. Osmosis.</p>\n </li>\n</ol>","description":"<p>Several processes work together to transport water from where a plant absorbs it (the roots) upward through the rest of its body. To understand how these processes work, you first need to know one key feature of water: Water molecules tend to stick together, literally.</p>\n<p class=\"Remember\">Water molecules are attracted to one another and to surfaces by weak electrical attractions<i>.</i> When water molecules stick together by hydrogen bonds, scientists call it <i>c</i><i>o</i><i>hesion. </i>When water molecules stick to other materials, scientists call it <i>adhesion.</i></p>\n<p>A familiar example of the stickiness of water occurs when you drink water through a straw — a process that’s very similar to the method plants use to pull water through their bodies. You apply suction at the top of the straw, and the water molecules move toward your mouth. </p>\n<p>Because the molecules cling to each other on the sides of the straw, they stay together in a continuous column and flow into your mouth.</p>\n<p>Scientists call the explanation for how water moves through plants the <i>cohesion-tension the</i><i>o</i><i>ry. </i>It involves three main factors:</p>\n<ul class=\"level-one\">\n <li><p class=\"first-para\"><b>Transpiration:</b> <i>Transpiration</i> is the technical term for the evaporation of water from plants. As water evaporates through the stomata in the leaves (or any part of the plant exposed to air), it creates a negative pressure (also called <i>tension </i>or <i>suction</i>) in the leaves and tissues of the xylem. </p>\n<p class=\"child-para\">The negative pressure exerts a pulling force on the water in the plant’s xylem and draws the water upward (just like you draw water upward when you suck on a straw).</p>\n </li>\n <li><p class=\"first-para\"><b>Cohesion: </b>When water molecules stick to one another through <i>cohesion,</i> they fill the column in the xylem and act as a huge single molecule of water (like water in a straw).</p>\n </li>\n <li><p class=\"first-para\"><b>Capillary action:</b><i> Capillary action</i> is the movement of a liquid across the surface of a solid caused by adhesion between the two. 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Stomata</p>\n </li>\n <li><p class=\"first-para\">c. Adhesion</p>\n </li>\n <li><p class=\"first-para\">a. Cohesion</p>\n </li>\n <li><p class=\"first-para\">b. Osmosis.</p>\n </li>\n</ol>","blurb":"","authors":[{"authorId":9201,"name":"Rene Fester Kratz","slug":"rene-fester-kratz","description":"","hasArticle":false,"_links":{"self":"//dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/authors/9201"}}],"primaryCategoryTaxonomy":{"categoryId":33760,"title":"Biology","slug":"biology","_links":{"self":"//dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/categories/33760"}},"secondaryCategoryTaxonomy":{"categoryId":0,"title":null,"slug":null,"_links":null},"tertiaryCategoryTaxonomy":{"categoryId":0,"title":null,"slug":null,"_links":null},"trendingArticles":null,"inThisArticle":[],"relatedArticles":{"fromBook":[{"articleId":208348,"title":"Biology Workbook For Dummies Cheat Sheet","slug":"biology-workbook-for-dummies-cheat-sheet","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","science","biology"],"_links":{"self":"//dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/208348"}},{"articleId":177301,"title":"Biology Basics: Important Components of Eukaryotic 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