Richard C (1996) Tissue hypoxia. How to detect, how to correct, how to prevent? Intensive Care Med 22:1250–1257
CAS Article PubMed Google Scholar
MacIntyre NR (2013) Supporting oxygenation in acute respiratory failure. Respir Care 58:142–150
Article PubMed Google Scholar
Abdelsalam M, Cheifetz IM (2010) Goal-directed therapy for severely hypoxic patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome: permissive hypoxemia. Respir Care 55:1483–1490
PubMed Google Scholar
Vincent JL, De Backer D (2004) Oxygen transport—the oxygen delivery controversy. Intensive Care Med 30:1990–1996
Article PubMed Google Scholar
Gilbert-Kawai ET, Mitchell K, Martin D, Carlisle J, Grocott MP (2014) Permissive hypoxaemia versus normoxaemia for mechanically ventilated critically ill patients. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 5:CD009931
PubMed Google Scholar
Mikkelsen ME, Christie JD, Lanken PN, Biester RC, Thompson BT, Bellamy SL, Localio AR, Demissie E, Hopkins RO, Angus DC (2012) The adult respiratory distress syndrome cognitive outcomes study: long-term neuropsychological function in survivors of acute lung injury. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 185:1307–1315
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Martin DS, Grocott MP (2013) Oxygen therapy in critical illness: precise control of arterial oxygenation and permissive hypoxemia. Crit Care Med 41:423–432
CAS Article PubMed Google Scholar
Network TA (2000) Ventilation with lower tidal volumes as compared with traditional tidal volumes for acute lung injury and the acute respiratory distress syndrome. The Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome Network. N Engl J Med 342:1301–1308
Article Google Scholar
Terragni PP, Rosboch G, Tealdi A, Corno E, Menaldo E, Davini O et al (2007) Tidal hyperinflation during low tidal volume ventilation in acute respiratory distress syndrome. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 175:160–166
CAS Article PubMed Google Scholar
Gattinoni L, Marini JJ, Pesenti A, Quintel M, Mancebo J, Brochard L (2016) The “baby lung” became an adult. Intensive Care Med. doi:10.1007/s00134-015-4200-8
Terragni PP, Filippini C, Slutsky AS, Birocco A, Tenaglia T, Grasso S, Stripoli T, Pasero D, Urbino R, Fanelli V, Faggiano C, Mascia L, Ranieri VM (2013) Accuracy of plateau pressure and stress index to identify injurious ventilation in patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome. Anesthesiology 119:880–889
Article PubMed Google Scholar
Amato MB, Meade MO, Slutsky AS, Brochard L, Costa EL, Schoenfeld DA, Stewart TE, Briel M, Talmor D, Mercat A, Richard JC, Carvalho CR, Brower RG (2015) Driving pressure and survival in the acute respiratory distress syndrome. New Engl J Med 372:747–755
CAS Article PubMed Google Scholar
Ferrando C, Suárez-Sipmann F, Gutierrez A, Tusman G, Carbonell J, García M, Piqueras L, Compañ D, Flores S, Soro M, Llombart A, Belda FJ (2015) Adjusting tidal volume to stress index in an open lung condition optimizes ventilation and prevents overdistension in an experimental model of lung injury and reduced chest wall compliance. Crit Care 19:R9
Article Google Scholar
Chacko B, Peter JV, Tharyan P, John G, Jeyaseelan L (2015) Pressure-controlled versus volume-controlled ventilation for acute respiratory failure due to acute lung injury (ALI) or acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). Cochrane Database Syst Rev 14:CD008807
Google Scholar
Rittayamai N, Katsios CM, Beloncle F, Friedrich JO, Mancebo J, Brochard L (2015) Pressure-controlled vs volume-controlled ventilation in acute respiratory failure: a physiology-based narrative and systematic review. Chest 148:340–355
Article PubMed Google Scholar
Facchin F, Fan E (2015) Airway pressure release ventilation and high-frequency oscillatory ventilation: potential strategies to treat severe hypoxemia and prevent ventilator-induced lung injury. Respir Care 60:1509–1521
Article PubMed Google Scholar
Protti A, Andreis DT, Monti M, Santini A, Sparacino CC, Langer T, Votta E, Gatti S, Lombardi L, Leopardi O, Masson S, Cressoni M, Gattinoni L (2013) Lung stress and strain during mechanical ventilation: any difference between statics and dynamics? Crit Care Med 41:1046–1055
Article PubMed Google Scholar
Tschumperlin DJ, Oswari J, Margulies AS (2000) Deformation-induced injury of alveolar epithelial cells: effect of frequency, duration, and amplitude. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 162:357–362
CAS Article PubMed Google Scholar
Conrad SA, Zhang S, Arnold TC, Scott LK, Carden DL (2005) Protective effects of low respiratory frequency in experimental ventilator-associated lung injury. Crit Care Med 33:835–840
Article PubMed Google Scholar
Baumgardner JE, Markstaller K, Pfeiffer B, Doebrich M, Otto CM (2002) Effects of respiratory rate, plateau pressure, and positive end-expiratory pressure on PaO2 oscillations after saline lavage. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 166:1556–1562
Article PubMed Google Scholar
Neumann P, Berglund JE, Mondejar EF, Magnusson A, Hedenstierna G (1998) Effect of different pressure levels on the dynamics of lung collapse and recruitment in oleic-acid-induced lung injury. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 158:1636–1643
CAS Article PubMed Google Scholar
Mercat A, Titiriga M, Anguel N, Richard C, Teboul JL (2001) Inverse ratio ventilation (I/E = 2/1) in acute respiratory distress syndrome: a six-hour controlled study. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 155:1637–1642
Article Google Scholar
Boehme S, Bentley AH, Hartmann EK, Chang S, Erdoes G, Prinzing A, Hagmann M, Baumgardner JE, Ullrich R, Markstaller K, David M (2015) Influence of inspiration to expiration ratio on cyclic recruitment and derecruitment of atelectasis in a saline lavage model of acute respiratory distress syndrome. Crit Care Med 43:e65–e74
Article PubMed Google Scholar
Lee SM, Kim WH, Ahn HJ, Kim JA, Yang MK, Lee CH, Lee JH, Kim YR, Choi JW (2013) The effects of prolonged inspiratory time during one-lung ventilation: a randomized controlled trial. Anaesthesia 68:908–916
CAS Article PubMed Google Scholar
Casetti AV, Bartlett RH, Hirschl RB (2002) Increasing inspiratory time exacerbates ventilator-induced lung injury during high-pressure/high-volume mechanical ventilation. Crit Care Med 30:2295–2299
Article PubMed Google Scholar
American Association for Respiratory Care, Restrepo RD, Walsh BK (2012) Humidification during invasive and noninvasive mechanical ventilation. Respir Care 57:782–788
Article Google Scholar
Prat G, Renault A, Tonnelier JM, Goetghebeur D, Oger E, Boles JM, L’Her E (2003) Influence of the humidification device during acute respiratory distress syndrome. Intensive Care Med 29:2211–2215
Article PubMed Google Scholar
Prin S, Chergui K, Augarde R, Page B, Jardin F, Vieillard-Baron A (2002) Ability and safety of a heated humidifier to control hypercapnic acidosis in severe ARDS. Intensive Care Med 28:1756–1760
Article PubMed Google Scholar
Morán I, Bellapart J, Vari A, Mancebo J (2006) Heat and moisture exchangers and heated humidifiers in acute lung injury/acute respiratory distress syndrome patients. Effects on respiratory mechanics and gas exchange. Intensive Care Med 32:524–531
Article PubMed Google Scholar
Petty TL, Ashbaugh DG (1971) The adult respiratory distress syndrome. Clinical features, factors influencing prognosis and principles of management. Chest 60:233–239
CAS Article PubMed Google Scholar
Tremblay LN, Slutsky AS (2006) Ventilator-induced lung injury: from the bench to the bedside. Intensive Care Med 32:24–33
Article PubMed Google Scholar
Meade MO, Cook DJ, Guyatt GH, Slutsky AS, Arabi YM, Cooper DJ, Davies AR, LE Hand, Zhou Q, Thabane L, Austin P, Lapinsky S, Baxter A, Russell J, Skrobik Y, Ronco JJ, Stewart TE, Lung Open Ventilation Study Investigators (2008) Ventilation strategy using low tidal volumes, recruitment maneuvers, and high positive end-expiratory pressure for acute lung injury and acute respiratory distress syndrome: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA 299:637–645
CAS Article PubMed Google Scholar
Mercat A, Richard JC, Vielle B, Jaber S, Osman D, Diehl JL et al (2008) Positive end-expiratory pressure setting in adults with acute lung injury and acute respiratory distress syndrome: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA 299:646–655
CAS Article PubMed Google Scholar
Brower RG, Lanken PN, MacIntyre N, Matthay MA, Morris A, Ancukiewicz M, Schoenfeld D, Thompson BT, National Heart Lung, and Blood Institute ARDS Clinical Trials Network (2004) Higher versus lower positive end-expiratory pressures in patients with the acute respiratory distress syndrome. N Engl J Med 351:327–336
Article PubMed Google Scholar
Suzumura EA, Figueiró M, Normilio-Silva K, Laranjeira L, Oliveira C, Buehler AM, Bugano D, Passos Amato MB, Ribeiro Carvalho CR, Berwanger O, Cavalcanti AB (2014) Effects of alveolar recruitment maneuvers on clinical outcomes in patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Intensive Care Med 40:1227–1240
Article PubMed Google Scholar
Cinnella G, Grasso S, Raimondo P, D’Antini D, Mirabella L, Dambrosio RM (2015) Physiological effects of the open lung approach in patients with early, mild, diffuse acute respiratory distress syndrome: an electrical impedance tomography study. Anesthesiology 123:1113–1121
Article PubMed Google Scholar
Briel M, Meade M, Mercat A, Brower RG, Talmor D, Walter SD et al (2010) Higher vs lower positive end-expiratory pressure in patients with acute lung injury and acute respiratory distress syndrome: systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA 303:865–873
CAS Article PubMed Google Scholar
Kacmarek RM, Villar J (2013) Management of refractory hypoxemia in ARDS. Minerva Anestesiol 79:1173–1179
CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Papazian L, Forel JM, Gacouin A, Penot-Ragon C, Perrin G, Loundou A, Jaber S, Arnal JM, Perez D, Seghboyan JM, Constantin JM, Courant P, Lefrant JY, Guérin C, Prat G, Morange S, Roch A, ACURASYS Study Investigators (2010) Neuromuscular blockers in early acute respiratory distress syndrome. N Engl J Med 363:1107–1116
CAS Article PubMed Google Scholar
Grasso S, Terragni P, Birocco A, Urbino R, Del Sorbo L, Mascia FCL, Pesenti A, Zangrillo A, Gattinoni L, Ranieri VM (2012) ECMO criteria for influenza A (H1N1)-associated ARDS: role of transpulmonary pressure. Intensive Care Med 38:395–403
CAS Article PubMed Google Scholar
de Matos GF, Stanzani F, Passos RH, Fontana MF, Albaladejo R, Caserta RE, Santos DC, Borges JB, Amato MB, Barbas CS (2012) How large is the lung recruitability in early acute respiratory distress syndrome: a prospective case series of patients monitored by computed tomography. Crit Care 16:R4
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Gattinoni L, Caironi P, Cressoni M, Chiumello D, Ranieri VM, Russo QMS, Patroniti N, Cornejo R, Bugedo G (2006) Lung recruitment in patients with the acute respiratory distress syndrome. N Engl J Med 354:1775–1786
CAS Article PubMed Google Scholar
Constantin JM, Grasso S, Chanques G, Aufort S, Futier E, Sebbane M, Jung B, Gallix B, Bazin JE, Rouby JJ, Jaber S (2010) Lung morphology predicts response to recruitment maneuver in patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome. Crit Care Med 38:1108–1117
Article PubMed Google Scholar
Rehberg S, Ertmer C, Westphal M (2009) Mechanical ventilation in patients with ARDS: is the lung’s fortune the right ventricle’s poison? Intensive Care Med 35:1825–1826
Article PubMed Google Scholar
Mure M, Martling CR, Lindahl SG (1997) Dramatic effect on oxygenation in patients with severe acute lung insufficiency treated in the prone position. Crit Care Med 25:1539–1544
CAS Article PubMed Google Scholar
Sud S, Friedrich JO, Taccone P, Polli F, Adhikari NK, Latini R, Pesenti A, Guerin C, Mancebo J, Curley MA, Fernandez R, Chan MC, Beuret P, Voggenreiter G, Sud M, Tognoni G, Gattinoni L (2010) Prone ventilation reduces mortality in patients with acute respiratory failure and severe hypoxemia: systematic review and meta-analysis. Intensive Care Med 36:585–599
Article PubMed Google Scholar
Gattinoni L, Carlesso E, Taccone P, Polli F, Guerin C, Mancebo J (2010) Prone positioning improves survival in severe ARDS: a pathophysiologic review and individual patient meta-analysis. Minerva Anestesiol 76:448–454
CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Guérin C, Reignier J, Richard JC, Beuret P, Gacouin A, Boulain T, Mercier E, Badet M, Mercat A, Baudin O, Clavel M, Chatellier D, Jaber S, Rosselli S, Mancebo J, Sirodot M, Hilbert G, Bengler C, Richecoeur J, Gainnier M, Bayle F, Bourdin G, Leray V, Girard R, Baboi L, Ayzac L, PROSEVA Study Group (2013) Prone positioning in severe acute respiratory distress syndrome. N Engl J Med 368:2159–2168
Article PubMed Google Scholar
Albert RK, Keniston A, Baboi L, Ayzac L, Guerin C, Proseva I (2014) Prone position-induced improvement in gas exchange does not predict improved survival in the acute respiratory distress syndrome. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 189:494–496
Article PubMed Google Scholar
Cornejo RA, Diaz JC, Tobar EA, Bruhn AR, Ramos CA, Gonzalez RA, Repetto CA, Romero CM, Galvez LR, Llanos O, Arellano DH, Neira WR, Diaz GA, Zamorano AJ, Pereira GL (2013) Effects of prone positioning on lung protection in patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 188:440–448
Article PubMed Google Scholar
Guerin C, Baboi L, Richard JC (2014) Mechanisms of the effects of prone positioning in acute respiratory distress syndrome. Intensive Care Med 40:1634–1642
CAS Article PubMed Google Scholar
Mentzelopoulos SD, Roussos C, Zakynthinos SG (2005) Prone position reduces lung stress and strain in severe acute respiratory distress syndrome. Eur Respir J 25:534–544
CAS Article PubMed Google Scholar
Villar J, Pérez-Méndez L, Blanco J, Añón JM, Blanch L, Belda J, Santos-Bouza A, Fernández RL, Kacmarek RM, Spanish Initiative for Epidemiology, Stratification, and Therapies for ARDS (SIESTA) Network (2013) A universal definition of ARDS: the PaO2/FiO2 ratio under a standard ventilatory setting—a prospective, multicenter validation study. Intensive Care Med 39:583–592
CAS Article PubMed Google Scholar
Guérin C, Gaillard S, Lemasson S, Ayzac L, Girard R, Beuret P, Palmier B, Le QV, Sirodot M, Rosselli S, Cadiergue V, Sainty JM, Barbe P, Combourieu E, Debatty D, Rouffineau J, Ezingeard E, Millet O, Guelon D, Rodriguez L, Martin O, Renault A, Sibille JP, Kaidomar M (2004) Effects of systematic prone positioning in hypoxemic acute respiratory failure: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA 292:2379–2387
Article PubMed Google Scholar
Gattinoni L, Tognoni G, Pesenti A, Taccone P, Mascheroni D, Labarta V, Malacrida R, Di Giulio P, Fumagalli R, Pelosi P, Brazzi L, Latini R (2001) Effect of prone positioning on the survival of patients with acute respiratory failure. N Engl J Med 345:568–573
CAS Article PubMed Google Scholar
Mancebo J, Fernandez R, Blanch L, Rialp G, Gordo F, Ferrer M, Rodriguez F, Garro P, Ricart P, Vallverdu I, Gich I, Castano J, Saura P, Dominguez G, Bonet A, Albert RK (2006) A multicenter trial of prolonged prone ventilation in severe acute respiratory distress syndrome. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 173:1233–1239
Article PubMed Google Scholar
Taccone P, Pesenti A, Latini R, Polli F, Vagginelli F, Mietto C, Caspani L, Raimondi F, Bordone G, Iapichino G, Mancebo J, Guerin C, Ayzac L, Blanch L, Fumagalli R, Tognoni G, Gattinoni L (2009) Prone positioning in patients with moderate and severe acute respiratory distress syndrome: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA 302:1977–1984
CAS Article PubMed Google Scholar
Sud S, Friedrich JO, Adhikari NK, Taccone P, Mancebo J, Polli F, Latini R, Pesenti A, Curley MA, Fernandez R, Chan MC, Beuret P, Voggenreiter G, Sud M, Tognoni G, Gattinoni L, Guerin C (2014) Effect of prone positioning during mechanical ventilation on mortality among patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome: a systematic review and meta-analysis. CMAJ 186:E381–E390
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Bloomfield R, Noble DW, Sudlow A (2015) Prone position for acute respiratory failure in adults. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 11:CD008095
PubMed Google Scholar
Dellinger RP, Levy MM, Rhodes A, Annane D, Gerlach H, Opal SM, Sevransky JE, Sprung CL, Douglas IS, Jaeschke R, Osborn TM, Nunnally ME, Townsend SR, Reinhart K, Kleinpell RM, Angus DC, Deutschman CS, Machado FR, Rubenfeld GD, Webb S, Beale RJ, Vincent JL, Moreno R, Surviving Sepsis Campaign Guidelines Committee including The Pediatric Subgroup. Surviving Sepsis Campaign (2013) International guidelines for management of severe sepsis and septic shock, 2012. Intensive Care Med 39:165–228
CAS Article PubMed Google Scholar
Liesenfeld O, Lehman L, Hunfeld K-P, Kost K (2014) Molecular diagnosis of sepsis: new aspects and recent developments. Eur J Microbiol Immun 4:1–25
CAS Article Google Scholar
Douglas IS (2016) New diagnostic methods for pneumonia in the ICU. Curr Opin Infect Dis 29:197–204
Flanagan PG, Findlay GP, Magee JT, Ionescu A, Barnes RA, Smithies M (2000) The diagnosis of ventilator-associated pneumonia using non-bronchoscopic, non-directed lung lavages. Intensive Care Med 26:20–30
CAS Article PubMed Google Scholar
Vélez Lázaro, Correa Luz Teresita, Maya Maria Angélica, Mejía Patricia, Ortega Jorge, Bedoya Victoria, Ortega Héctor (2007) Diagnostic accuracy of bronchoalveolar lavage samples in immunosuppressed patients with suspected pneumonia: analysis of a protocol. Respir Med 101:2160–2167
Article PubMed Google Scholar
Jain S, Benoit SR, Skarbinski J, Bramley AM, Finelli L, Pandemic Influenza A (H1N1) Virus Hospitalizations Investigation Team (2012) Influenza-associated pneumonia among hospitalized patients with 2009 pandemic influenza A (H1N1) virus–United States, 2009. Clin Infect Dis 54:1221–1229
CAS Article PubMed Google Scholar
Guérin C, Thompson T, Brower R (2015) The ten diseases that look like ARDS. Intensive Care Med 41:1099–1102
Article PubMed Google Scholar
Gibelin A, Parrot A, Maitre B, Brun-Buisson C, Mekontso Dessap A, Fartoukh M, de Prost N (2016) Acute respiratory distress syndrome mimickers lacking common risk factors of the Berlin definition. Intensive Care Med 42:164–172
CAS Article PubMed Google Scholar
Poletti V, Ravaglia C, Gurioli C et al (2016) Invasive diagnostic techniques in idiopathic interstitial pneumonias. Respirology 21:44–50
Article PubMed Google Scholar
Martin-Loeches I, Deja M, Koulenti D, Dimopoulos G, Marsh B, Torres A, Niederman MS, Rello J, EU-VAP Study Investigators (2013) Potentially resistant microorganisms in intubated patients with hospital-acquired pneumonia: the interaction of ecology, shock and risk factors. Intensive Care Med 39:672–681
Article PubMed Google Scholar
Palakshappa JA, Meyer NJ (2015) Which patients with ARDS benefit from lung biopsy? Chest 148:1073–1082
Article PubMed Google Scholar
Taccone FS, den Abeele Van et al (2015) Epidemiology of invasive aspergillosis in critically ill patients: clinical presentation, underlying condition, and outcome. Crit Care 19:7
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Eigl S, Prattes J, Lackner M et al (2015) Multicenter evaluation of a lateral-flow device test diagnosing invasive pulmonary aspergillosis in ICU patients. Crit Care 19:178
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Deja M, Spies C (2009) Prevention measures of ventilator-associated pneumonia. Crit Care Med 37:330–332
Article PubMed Google Scholar
Alhazzani W, Alshahrani M, Jaeschke R, Forel JM, Papazian L, Sevransky J, Meade MO (2013) Neuromuscular blocking agents in acute respiratory distress syndrome: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Crit Care 17:R43
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Forel JM, Roch A, Marin V, Michelet P, Demory D, Blache JL, Perrin G, Gainnier M, Bongrand P, Papazian L (2006) Neuromuscular blocking agents decrease inflammatory response in patients presenting with acute respiratory distress syndrome. Crit Care Med 34:2749–2757
CAS Article PubMed Google Scholar
Lonardo NW, Mone MC, Nirula R, Kimball EJ, Ludwig K, Zhou X, Sauer BC, Nechodom K, Teng C, Barton RG (2014) Propofol is associated with favorable outcomes compared with benzodiazepines in ventilated intensive care unit patients. Am J Resp Crit Care Med 189(11):1383–1394
CAS Article PubMed Google Scholar
Barr J, Fraser GL, Puntillo K, Ely EW, Gelinas C, Dasta JF, Davidson JE, Devlin JW, Kress JP, Joffe AM, Coursin DB, Herr DL, Tung A, Robinson BRH, Fontaine DK, Ramsay MA, Riker RR, Sessler CN, Pun B, Skrobik Y, Jaeschke R (2013) Clinical practice guidelines for the management of pain, agitation, and delirium in adult patients in the intensive care unit. Crit Care Med 41:263–306
Article PubMed Google Scholar
Mehta S, Burry L, Cook D, Fergusson D, Steinberg M, Granton J, Herridge M, Ferguson N, Devlin J, Tanios M, Dodek P, Fowler R, Burns K, Jacka M, Olafson K, Skrobik Y, Hebert P, Sabri E, Meade M, For the SLEAP Investigators and the Canadian Critical Care Trials Group (2012) Daily sedation interruption in mechanically ventilated critically ill patients cared for with a sedation protocol: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA 308(19):1985–1992
CAS Article PubMed Google Scholar
Burry L, Rose L, McCullagh IJ, Fergusson DA, Ferguson ND, Mehta S (2014) Daily sedation interruption versus no daily sedation interruption for critically ill adult patients requiring invasive mechanical ventilation. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 9:CD009176
Google Scholar
Afshari A, Brok J, Moller AM, Etterslev J (2010) Inhaled nitric oxide for acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) and acute lung injury in children and adults. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 7:002787
Google Scholar
Adhikari NKJ, Dellinger RP, Lundin S, Payen D, Vallet B, Gerlach H, Park KJ, Mehta S, Slutsky AS, Friedrich JO (2014) Inhaled nitric oxide does not reduce mortality in patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome regardless of severity: systematic review and meta-analysis. Crit Care Med 42:404–412
CAS Article PubMed Google Scholar
Torbic H, Szumita PM, Anger KE, Nuccio P, LaGambina S, Weinhouse G (2013) Inhaled epoprostenol vs inhaled nitric oxide for refractory hypoxemia in critically ill patients. J Crit Care 28:844–848
CAS Article PubMed Google Scholar
The National Heart Lung and Blood Institute Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS) Clinical Trials Network (2006) Comparison of two fluid-management strategies in acute lung injury. N Engl J Med 354:2564–2575
Article Google Scholar
Kuzolev A, Tishkov E, Bukaev O (2013) Effect of continuous high-volume hemofiltration on patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome. Crit Care 17(Suppl 2):P431
Article Google Scholar
Zhang JC, Chu YF, Zeng J, Ren HS, Meng M, Jiang JJ, Wang CT (2013) Effect of continuous high-volume hemofiltration in patients with severe acute respiratory distress syndrome. Chin Crit Care Med 25(3):145–148
CAS Google Scholar
Krag M, Perner A, Wetterslev J, Wise MP, Hylander Møller M (2014) Stress ulcer prophylaxis versus placebo or no prophylaxis in critically ill patients. A systematic review of randomised clinical trials with meta-analysis and trial sequential analysis. Intensive Care Med 40:11–22
CAS Article PubMed Google Scholar
Bein T, Briegel J, Annane D (2016) Steroids are part of rescue therapy in ARDS patients with refractory hypoxemia: yes. Intensive Care Med. doi:10.1007/s00134-015-4162-x
Richard C, Argaud L, Blet A, Boulain T, Contentin L, Dechartres A, Dejode JM, Donetti L, Fartoukh M, Fletcher D, Kuteifan K, Lasocki S, Liet JM, Lukaszewicz AC, Mal H, Maury E, Osman D, Outin H, Richard JC, Schneider F, Tamion F (2014) Extracorporeal life support for patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome: report of a consensus conference. Ann Intensive Care 24(4):15
Article Google Scholar
Bein T, Bischoff M, Brückner U, Gebhardt K, Henzler D, Hermes C, Lewandowski K, Max M, Nothacker M, Staudinger T, Tryba M, Weber-Carstens S, Wrigge H (2015) S2e guideline: positioning and early mobilisation in prophylaxis or therapy of pulmonary disorders: revision 2015: S2e guideline of the German Society of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine (DGAI). Anaesthesist 64(Suppl 1):1–26
CAS Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Combes A, Ranieri M (2015) Rescue therapy for refractory ARDS should be offered early: yes. Intensive Care Med 41:923–925
Article PubMed Google Scholar
Bellani G, Laffey JG, Pham T, Fan E, Brochard L, Esteban A, Gattinoni L, van Haren F, Larsson A, McAuley DF, Ranieri M, Rubenfeld G, Thompson BT, Wrigge H, Slutsky AS, Pesenti A, LUNG SAFE Investigators, The ESICM Trials Group (2016) Epidemiology, patterns of care, and mortality for patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome in intensive care units in 50 countries. JAMA 315:788–800
Article PubMed Google Scholar
Page 2
From: The standard of care of patients with ARDS: ventilatory settings and rescue therapies for refractory hypoxemia
Ventilator-associated lung injury (VALI) | Not known | Incidence and intensity depend on invasiveness/duration of mechanical ventilation |
Ventilation-associated pneumonia (VAP) | 14–28 % | Problem: incidence depends on VAP definition; incidence increases with duration and invasiveness of mechanical ventilation |
Right ventricular dysfunction, acute cor pulmonale | Up to 50 % | Often associated with severe hypercapnia/acidosis |
Pleural effusions | Up to 80 % | Frequently related to fluid overload, hypo-oncotic states, cardiac dysfunction, and altered pleural pressure |
Barotrauma/pneumothorax | 6–12 % | Depends on the invasiveness (P Plat) of mechanical ventilation |
Damage of other organ systems via cross talk | Not known exactly | Lung, brain, and—renal cross talk via inflammation pathways |
Prolonged sedation and immobilization | Not known | Incidence and intensity depend on sedation strategy, (early) wake up, and spontaneous breathing trials |
Fibroproliferative response of the lung parenchyma | Up to 50 % in the “lung-protective era” | Decrements in lung function (vital capacity, forced expiratory volume) up to 5 years after discharge |