Do you ever think about what goes into that cup of coffee you reach for every morning? What about the gas that you use to fill up your tank every week? Most of us never realize it, but virtually all of these goods begin with commodities.
Commodities are an extremely important part of the financial market. That's because they are essential for producers and manufacturers. A commodity is essentially a basic product or raw material used to make all the goods and services that we need in our everyday lives.
There are a wide array of commodities, including oil, gas, coffee, soybeans, and rice. These commodities are traded on commodity exchanges around the world such as the Chicago Mercantile Exchange (CME), the London Metals Exchange, and the Intercontinental Exchange (ICE). Investing in commodities provides investors with a way to diversify their portfolios, especially during times of market volatility.
Read on to find out more about the different types of commodities, their price structures, and who sets them on the market.
- Commodities come in many forms, including grains, energy products, and metals.
- Prices are determined by fundamental factors and supply & demand, which change as economic events unfold and trigger waves of buying and selling.
- Traders generally don't buy and sell physical commodities; rather, they trade in derivatives like futures and options.
- Commodities trade in the cash or spot market, and on organized exchanges as futures contracts.
- Commodities futures trade on exchanges and are used for speculation and hedging.
Since commodities are traded on exchanges, their prices aren't set by a single individual or entity. In fact, there are many economic factors and different catalysts that affect and move their prices each day.
Just like equity securities, commodity prices are primarily determined by the forces of supply and demand in the market. For example, if the supply of oil increases, the price of one barrel decreases. Conversely, if demand for oil increases (which often happens during the summer), the price rises. Gasoline and natural gas fall into the energy commodities category.
Weather plays an extremely significant role in price changes for crop-related or agricultural commodities, especially in the short term. If the weather affects supplies in a certain region, it has a direct impact on that commodity's price. Commodities that fit into this category include corn, soybeans, and wheat. Cotton, coffee, and rice are referred to as soft commodities.
Gold is one of the most actively traded commodities because it is used to produce jewelry and other goods. But is also considered to be a worthwhile, long-term investment. Silver and copper are other examples of commodities in the metals group.
Livestock is another group of commodities. This category includes live animals, such as hogs, and cattle.
Trading in commodities predates that of stocks and bonds by many centuries as merchants would meet along trade routes like the Silk Road to exchange various agricultural and craft products.
Commodities are traded via futures contracts on exchanges. These contracts obligate the holder to buy or sell a commodity at a predetermined price on a delivery date in the future. Not all futures contracts are the same. In fact, their details differ depending on the commodity being traded.
The market price of a commodity that is quoted in the media is often its market futures price. The futures price is different than the spot price or cash price, which is the actual price for the commodity today. For example, if an oil refiner buys 10,000 barrels of oil for $50 per barrel from an oil producer, $50 per barrel is the spot price. The futures price can be more or less than the spot price at any given moment.
Many traders use commodity futures to speculate on future price movements. They generally don't trade the physical commodities themselves. That's because buying barrels of crude or bushels of wheat isn't practical. These investors analyze market activity and chart patterns to speculate on future supply and demand. They subsequently enter long or short futures positions depending on which direction supply and demand move prices.
Speculators are distinct from hedgers, who are often the end-users seeking to protect interests in the commodity by selling or purchasing futures contracts. If a soybean farmer thinks prices will fall over the next six months, they can hedge their crops by selling soybean futures today. Hedgers and speculators collectively represent much of the buying and selling interest in commodities futures, making them important parties in determining commodities prices from one day to the next.
Investors can also purchase stocks in companies that deal in commodities, such as energy companies or mining corporations. In addition, several commodity ETFs are available for trading.
Commodities come in many different forms. Examples of energy commodities include oil, natural gas, and gasoline. Commodities also include crops like corn, soybeans, and wheat, Soft commodities are part of a different category altogether and include things like cotton, coffee, and rice.
Supply and demand play a big role in the way commodities are priced in the market. When supply is low, demand is high, which leads to higher prices. Prices drop when the situation reverses—when supply is high and demand is low.
The price of commodities is quoted in two different ways. The first is the market or the market futures price, which is the price reported in the news. The spot price, on the other hand, is the cash price of commodities. This is what traders actually for the commodity on the day of purchase.
Investors can begin trading commodities in several ways. Speculators can trade commodities futures that trade on several major commodities exchanges. Those who aren't familiar with how futures work can opt for exchange-traded funds (ETFs) or the stocks of companies involved with commodities, such as energy or gold mining companies.
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Right Answer is: B
The correct answer is < 1.
- Price elasticity measures the responsiveness of the quantity demanded or supplied of a good to a change in its price.
- It is computed as the percentage change in quantity demanded or supplied divided by the percentage change in price.
- The price of a good and the demand for the good are inversely related to each other.
- Responsiveness of demand in relation to changes in price (price elasticity of demand) determines the change in expenditure.
- Elasticity is less than one -
- When demand is inelastic, a fall in the price of a commodity leads to falling in total expenditure on it.
- On the other hand, when the price increases, the total expenditure also increases.
- It means, in case of less elastic demand, price, and total expenditure move in the same direction.
- Elasticity is more than one -
- When demand is elastic, a fall in the price of commodity results in an increase in total expenditure on it.
- On the other hand, when the price increases, the total expenditure decreases.
- It means, in case of highly elastic demand, price and total expenditure move in the opposite directions.
- Elasticity is equal to one -
- When demand is unitary elastic, a fall or rise in the price of the commodity does not change the total expenditure.
- It means total expenditure will remain unchanged in the case of unitary elastic demand.