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Some chemical irritants causing acute inhalation injury: their effects and sources of exposure
Ammonia | Highly water soluble; colorless; sharp, pungent odor | Highly irritating to eyes and upper airways; upper airway obstruction, such as laryngeal edema, bronchospasm and noncardiogenic pulmonary edema may occur | Agriculture (mostly fertilizers); plastics, pesticides, explosives and detergents manufacture; refrigerants, home cleaning products |
Hydrogen chloride | Highly water soluble; colorless to slightly yellow; pungent odor | Laryngeal edema, tracheobronchitis | Dyes, fertilizers, textiles, rubber manufacture; metal ore refining; meat wrappers |
Hydrogen sulfide | Slightly water soluble; colorless; rotten egg odor (sewer or swamp gas) | Airway irritant and chemical asphyxiant | Decaying organic matter, in sewer and barns; petroleum refining, viscose rayon, rubber and mining industries; hot-asphalt paving |
Hydrogen fluoride | Highly water soluble; colorless; pungent odor; corrosive | Chemical pneumonitis; can cause clinically important hypocalcemia | Phosphate fertilizer, metal refining and etching, glass and ceramic etching, microelectronic, masonry, pharmaceuticals, chemical manufacture; rust removal agents |
Sulfur dioxide | Highly water soluble; colorless; pungent odor | Bronchoconstriction, airway edema, asthma, bacterial pneumonitis, bronchiolitis obliterans | Airway pollution, burning of oil and coal,smelting, power plants, wineries, paper manufacture, chemical manufacture, food preparation |
Chlorine | Intermediate water solubility; greenish yellow noncombustible gas | Tracheobronchitis, acute respiratory distress syndrome | Household cleaners (household accidents involving the inappropriate mixing of hypochlorite cleaning solutions with acidic agents), paper production, sewage treatment, swimming pool maintenance, chemical manufacture, disinfection, chemical warfare |
Oxides of nitrogen | Low water solubility; nearly colorless; a sharp sweet smelling (nitric oxide), strong harsh odor (nitrogen dioxide) | Bronchoconstriction, airway edema, asthma, bronchiolitis obliterans | Agriculture (Silo filler’s disease); manufacture of dyes, lacquers and fertilizer; firefighters; welding, air pollution, hockey rinks |
Phosgene | Low water solubility; colorless; musty odor at room temperature | Mild upper airway irritation, noncardiogenic pulmonary edema | Firefighters, welding, paint strippers, chemical warfare; Phosgene is used an intermediate in the manufacture of dyes, insecticides, plastics and pharmaceuticals; household substances such as solvents, paint removers and dry cleaning fluid can produce phosgene when exposed to heat or fire |