A patient who was prescribed transdermal scopolamine for motion sickness calls the clinic and states

Scopolamine comes as a patch to be placed on the hairless skin behind your ear. When used to help prevent nausea and vomiting caused by motion sickness, apply the patch at least 4 hours before its effects will be needed and leave in place for up to 3 days. If treatment is needed for longer than 3 days to help prevent nausea and vomiting caused by motion sickness, remove the current patch and apply a new patch behind the other ear. When used to prevent nausea and vomiting from medications used with surgery, apply the patch as directed by your doctor and leave it in place for 24 hours after your surgery. Follow the directions on your prescription label carefully, and ask your doctor or pharmacist to explain any part you do not understand. Use the scopolamine patch exactly as directed.

To apply the patch, follow these instructions:

  1. After washing the area behind the ear, wipe the area with a clean, dry tissue to ensure that the area is dry. Avoid placing on areas of your skin that have cuts, pain, or tenderness.
  2. Remove the patch from its protective pouch. Peel off the clear plastic protective strip and discard it. Don't touch the exposed adhesive layer with your fingers.
  3. Place the adhesive side against the skin.
  4. After you have placed the patch behind your ear, wash your hands thoroughly with soap and water.

Do not cut the patch.

Limit contact with water while swimming and bathing because it may cause the patch may fall off. If the scopolamine patch falls off, discard the patch, and apply a new one on the hairless area behind the other ear.

When the scopolamine patch is no longer needed, remove the patch and fold it in half with the sticky side together and dispose of it. Wash your hands and the area behind your ear thoroughly with soap and water to remove any traces of scopolamine from the area. If a new patch needs to be applied, place a fresh patch on the hairless area behind your other ear.

If you have used scopolamine patches for several days or longer, you may experience withdrawal symptoms that could start 24 hours or more after removing the scopolamine patch such as difficulty with balance, dizziness, nausea, vomiting, stomach cramps, sweating, headache, confusion, muscle weakness, slow heart rate or low blood pressure. Call your doctor right away if your symptoms become severe.

Ask your pharmacist or doctor for a copy of the manufacturer's information for the patient.

1. Golding JF. Motion sickness. Handb Clin Neurol. 2016;137:371–390. doi: 10.1016/B978-0-444-63437-5.00027-3. [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

2. Leung AK, Robson WL. Motion sickness. Ann R Coll Physician Surg Can. 1992;25(4):196–198. [Google Scholar]

3. Leung AK. Motion sickness. In: Leung AK, editor. Common Problems in Ambulatory Pediatrics: Symptoms and Signs. New York: Nova Science Publishers, Inc; 2011. pp. 323–328. [Google Scholar]

4. Gahlinger PM. Motion sickness: how to help your patients avoid travel travail. Postgrad Med. 1999;106(4):177–184. doi: 10.3810/pgm.1999.10.1.719. [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

5. Koch A, Cascorbi I, Westhofen M, et al. The neurophysiology and treatment of motion sickness. Dtsch Arztebl Int. 2018;115(41):687–696. doi: 10.3238/arztebl.2018.0687. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

6. Schmäl F. Neuronal mechanisms and the treatment of motion sickness. Pharmacology. 2013;91(3–4):229–241. doi: 10.1159/000350185. [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

7. Herron DG. The ups and downs of motion sickness. Am J Nurs. 2010;110(12):49–51. doi: 10.1097/01.NAJ.0000391242.75887.17. [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

8. Schutz L, Zak D, Holmes JF. Pattern of passenger injury and illness on expedition cruise ships to Antarctica. J Travel Med. 2014;21(4):228–234. doi: 10.1111/jtm.12126. [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

9. Golding JF, Gresty MA. Pathophysiology and treatment of motion sickness. Curr Opin Neurol. 2015;28(1):83–88. doi: 10.1097/WCO.0000000000000163. [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

10. Murdin L, Golding J, Bronstein A. Managing motion sickness. BMJ. 2011;343:d7430. doi: 10.1136/bmj.d7430. [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

11. Samuel O, Tal D. Airsickness: etiology, treatment, and clinical importance – a review. Mil Med. 2015;180(11):1135–1139. doi: 10.7205/MILMED-D-14-00315. [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

12. Heer M, Paloski WH. Space motion sickness: incidence, etiology, and countermeasures. Auton Neurosci. 2006;129(1–2):77–79. doi: 10.1016/j.autneu.2006.07.014. [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

13. Priesol AJ. In: Motion sickness. Post TW, editor. UpToDate Inc; Waltham, MA: [Accessed on September 22, 2019]. [Google Scholar]

14. Takov V, Tadi P. StatPearls [Internet] Treasure Island, FL: StatPearls Publishing; 2019. Motion sickness. [Google Scholar]

15. Zhang LL, Wang JQ, Qi RR, et al. Motion sickness: current knowledge and recent advance. CNS Neurosci Ther. 2016;22(1):15–24. doi: 10.1111/cns.12468. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

16. Lawther A, Griffin MJ. A survey of the occurrence of motion sickness amongst passengers at sea. Aviat Space Environ Med. 1988;59(5):399–406. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

17. Paillard AC, Quarck G, Paolino F, et al. Motion sickness susceptibility in healthy subjects and vestibular patients: effects of gender, age and trait-anxiety. J Vestib Res. 2013;23(4–5):203–209. doi: 10.3233/VES-130501. [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

18. Reavley CM, Golding JF, Cherkas LF, et al. Genetic influences on motion sickness susceptibility in adult women: a classical twin study. Aviat Space Environ Med. 2006;77(11):1148–1152. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

19. Golding JF. Motion sickness susceptibility. Auton Neurosci. 2006;129(1–2):67–76. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

20. Klosterhalfen S, Kellermann S, Pan F, et al. Effects of ethnicity and gender on motion sickness susceptibility. Aviat Space Environ Med. 2005;76(11):1051–1057. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

21. Stern RM, Hu S, Uijtdehaage SH, et al. Asian hypersusceptibility to motion sickness. Hum Hered. 1996;46(1):7–14. doi: 10.1159/000154318. [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

22. Hromatka BS, Tung JY, Kiefer AK, et al. Genetic variants associated with motion sickness point to roles for inner ear development, neurological processes and glucose homeostasis. Hum Mol Genet. 2015;24(9):2700–2708. doi: 10.1093/hmg/ddv028. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

23. Peddareddygari LR, Kramer PD, Hanna PA, et al. Genetic analysis of a large family with migraine, vertigo, and motion sickness. Can J Neurol Sci. 2019;46(5):512–517. doi: 10.1017/cjn.2019.64. [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

24. Bertolini G, Straumann D. Moving in a moving world: a review on vestibular motion sickness. Front Neurol. 2016;7:14. doi: 10.3389/fneur.2016.00014. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

25. Cuomo-Granston A, Drummond PD. Migraine and motion sickness: what is the link? Prog Neurobiol. 2010;91(4):300–312. doi: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2010.04.001. [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

26. Drummond PD. Triggers of motion sickness in migraine sufferers. Headache. 2005;45(6):653–656. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

27. Golding JF, Patel M. Meniere’s, migraine, and motion sickness. Acta Otolaryngol. 2017;137(5):495–502. doi: 10.1080/00016489.2016.1255775. [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

28. Murdin L, Chamberlain F, Cheema S, et al. Motion sickness in migraine and vestibular disorders. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2015;86(5):585–587. doi: 10.1136/jnnp-2014-308331. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

29. Kim K, Hirayama K, Yoshida K, et al. Effect of exposure to short-wavelength light on susceptibility to motion sickness. Neuroreport. 2017;28(10):584–589. doi: 10.1097/WNR.0000000000000802. [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

30. Kaplan J, Ventura J, Bakshi A, et al. The influence of sleep deprivation and oscillating motion on sleepiness, motion sickness, and cognitive and motor performance. Auton Neurosci. 2017;202:86–96. doi: 10.1016/j.autneu.2016.08.019. [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

31. Lackner JR. Motion sickness: more than nausea and vomiting. Exp Brain Res. 2014;232(8):2493–2510. doi: 10.1007/s00221-014-4008-8. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

32. Graybiel A. Susceptibility to acute motion sickness in blind persons. Aerosp Med. 1970;41(6):650–653. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

33. Mallinson AI, Longridge NS. Motion sickness and vestibular hypersensitivity. J Otolaryngol. 2002;31(6):381–385. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

34. Lee SH, Jeong SH, Kim JS, et al. Effect of prophylactic medication on associated dizziness and motion sickness in migraine. Otol Neurotol. 2018;39(1):e45–e51. doi: 10.1097/MAO.0000000000001628. [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

35. Turner M, Griffin MJ, Holland I. Airsickness and aircraft motion during short-haul flights. Aviat Space Environ Med. 2000;71(12):1181–1189. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

36. Bos JE, Ledegang WD, Lubeck AJ, et al. Cinerama sickness and postural instability. Ergonomics. 2013;56(9):1430–1436. doi: 10.1080/00140139.2013.817614. [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

37. Brainard A, Gresham C. Prevention and treatment of motion sickness. Am Fam Physician. 2014;90(1):41–46. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

38. Naqvi SA, Badruddin N, Malik AS, et al. Does 3D produce more symptoms of visually induced motion sickness? Conf Proc IEEE Eng Med Biol Soc. 2013;2013:6405–6408. doi: 10.1109/EMBC.2013.6611020. [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

39. Sakata E, Ohtsu K, Sakata H. Motion sickness: its pathophysiology and treatment. Int Tinnitus J. 2004;10(2):132–136. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

40. Ventre-Dominey J, Luyat M, Denise P, et al. Motion sickness induced by otolith stimulation is correlated with otolith-induced eye movements. Neuroscience. 2008;155(3):771–779. doi: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2008.05.057. [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

41. Cohen B, Dai M, Yakushin SB, et al. The neural basis of motion sickness. J Neurophysiol. 2019;121(3):973–982. doi: 10.1152/jn.00674.2018. [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

42. Kiryu T, Tada G, Toyama H, et al. Integrated evaluation of visually induced motion sickness in terms of autonomic nervous regulation. Conf Proc IEEE Eng Med Biol Soc. 2008;2008:4597–4600. doi: 10.1109/IEMBS.2008.4650237. [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

43. O’Hanlon JF, McCauley ME. Motion sickness incidence as a function of the frequency and acceleration of vertical sinusoidal motion. Aerosp Med. 1974;45(4):366–369. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

44. Chen MM, Xu LH, Chang L, et al. Reduction of motion sickness through targeting histamine N-methyltransferase in the dorsal vagal complex of the brain. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 2018;364(3):367–376. doi: 10.1124/jpet.117.244475. [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

45. Eisenman LM. Motion sickness may be caused by a neurohumoral action of acetylcholine. Med Hypotheses. 2009;73(5):790–793. doi: 10.1016/j.mehy.2009.04.031. [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

46. Qi R, Su Y, Pan L, et al. Anti-cholinergics mecamylamine and scopolamine alleviate motion sickness-induced gastrointestinal symptoms through both peripheral and central actions. Neuropharmacology. 2019;146:252–263. doi: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2018.12.006. [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

47. McIntosh IB. Motion sickness – questions and answers. J Travel Med. 1998;5(2):89–91. doi: 10.1111/j.1708-8305.1998.tb00470.x. [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

48. Matsangas P, McCauley ME. Sopite syndrome: a revised definition. Aviat Space Environ Med. 2014;85(6):672–673. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

49. Matsangas P, McCauley ME. Yawning as a behavioral marker of mild motion sickness and sopite syndrome. Aviat Space Environ Med. 2014;85(6):658–661. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

50. Javaid A, Chouhna H, Varghese B, et al. Changes in skin blood flow, respiration and blood pressure in participants reporting motion sickness during sinusoidal galvanic vestibular stimulation. Exp Physiol. 2019;104(11):1622–1629. doi: 10.1113/EP087385. [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

51. Chan G, Moochhala SM, Zhao B, et al. A comparison of motion sickness prevalence between seafarers and non-seafarers onboard naval platforms. Int Marit Health. 2006;57(1–4):56–65. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

52. Tal D, Gonen A, Wiener G, et al. Artificial horizon effects on motion sickness and performance. Otol Neurotol. 2012;33(5):878–885. doi: 10.1097/MAO.0b013e318255ddab. [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

53. Van Ombergen A, Lawson BD, Wuyts FL. Motion sickness and sopite syndrome associated with parabolic flights: a case report. Int J Audiol. 2016;55(3):189–194. doi: 10.3109/14992027.2015.1111526. [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

54. Shankar Kikkeri N, Siddiqui JH. Mal de debarquement syndrome: a case report. Cureus. 2018;10(9):e3270. doi: 10.7759/cureus.3270. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

55. Sufrinko AM, Kegel NE, Mucha A, et al. History of high motion sickness susceptibility predicts vestibular dysfunction following sport/recreation-related concussion. Clin J Sport Med. 2019;29(4):318–323. doi: 10.1097/JSM.0000000000000528. [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

56. Henriques IF, Douglas de Oliveira DW, Oliveira-Ferreira F, et al. Motion sickness prevalence in school children. Eur J Pediatr. 2014;173(11):1473–1482. doi: 10.1007/s00431-014-2351-1. [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

57. Keshavarz B, Novak AC, Hettinger LJ, et al. Passive restraint reduces visually induced motion sickness in older adults. J Exp Psychol Appl. 2017;23(1):85–99. doi: 10.1037/xap0000107. [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

58. Ishak S, Bubka A, Bonato F. Visual occlusion decreases motion sickness in a flight simulator. Perception. 2018;47(5):521–530. doi: 10.1177/0301006618761336. [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

59. Bos JE, MacKinnon SN, Patterson A. Motion sickness symptoms in a ship motion simulator: effects of inside, outside, and no view. Aviat Space Environ Med. 2005;76(12):1111–1118. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

60. Griffin MJ, Newman MM. Visual field effects on motion sickness in cars. Aviat Space Environ Med. 2004;75(9):739–748. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

61. Rolnick A, Lubow RE. Why is the driver rarely motion sick? The role of controllability in motion sickness. Ergonomics. 1991;34(7):867–879. doi: 10.1080/00140139108964831. [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

62. Keshavarz B, Stelzmann D, Paillard A, et al. Visually induced motion sickness can be alleviated by pleasant odors. Exp Brain Res. 2015;233(5):1353–1364. doi: 10.1007/s00221-015-4209-9. [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

63. Jokerst MD, Gatto M, Fazio R, et al. Slow deep breathing prevents the development of tachygastria and symptoms of motion sickness. Aviat Space Environ Med. 1999;70(12):1189–1192. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

64. Russell ME, Hoffman B, Stromberg S, et al. Use of controlled diaphragmatic breathing for the management of motion sickness in a virtual reality environment. Appl Psychophysiol Biofeedback. 2014;39(3–4):269–277. doi: 10.1007/s10484-014-9265-6. [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

65. Stromberg SE, Russell ME, Carlson CR. Diaphragmatic breathing and its effectiveness for the management of motion sickness. Aerosp Med Hum Perform. 2015;86(5):452–457. doi: 10.3357/AMHP.4152.2015. [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

66. Yen Pik Sang FD, Billar JP, Golding JF, et al. Behavioral methods of alleviating motion sickness: effectiveness of controlled breathing and a music audiotape. J Travel Med. 2003;10(2):108–111. doi: 10.2310/7060.2003.31768. [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

67. Yen Pik Sang F, Billar J, Gresty MA, et al. Effect of a novel motion desensitization training regime and controlled breathing on habituation to motion sickness. Percept Mot Skills. 2005;101(1):244–256. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

68. Tal D, Hershkovitz D, Kaminski-Graif G, et al. Vestibular evoked myogenic potentials and habituation to seasickness. Clin Neurophysiol. 2013;124(12):2445–2449. doi: 10.1016/j.clinph.2013.05.016. [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

69. Gordon CR, Gonen A, Nachum Z, et al. The effects of dimenhydrinate, cinnarizine and transdermal scopolamine on performance. J Psychopharmacol. 2001;15(3):167–172. doi: 10.1177/026988110101500311. [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

70. Spinks A, Wasiak J. Scopolamine (hyoscine) for preventing and treating motion sickness. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2011;6:CD002851. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD002851.pub4. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

71. Simmons RG, Phillips JB, Lojewski RA, et al. The efficacy of low-dose intranasal scopolamine for motion sickness. Aviat Space Environ Med. 2010;81(4):405–412. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

72. Nachum Z, Shupak A, Gordon CR. Transdermal scopolamine for prevention of motion sickness: clinical pharmacokinetics and therapeutic applications. Clin Pharmacokinet. 2006;45(6):543–566. doi: 10.2165/00003088-200645060-00001. [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

73. Bar R, Gil A, Tal D. Safety of double-dose transdermal scopolamine. Pharmacotherapy. 2009;29(9):1082–1088. doi: 10.1592/phco.29.9.1082. [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

74. Gil A, Nachum Z, Tal D, et al. A comparison of cinnarizine and transdermal scopolamine for the prevention of seasickness in naval crew: a double-blind, randomized, crossover study. Clin Neuropharmacol. 2012;35(1):37–39. doi: 10.1097/WNF.0b013e31823dc125. [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

75. Nachum Z, Shahal B, Shupak A, et al. Scopolamine bioavailability in combined oral and transdermal delivery. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 2001;296(1):121–123. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

76. Klöcker N, Hanschke W, Toussaint S, et al. Scopolamine nasal spray in motion sickness: a randomised, controlled, and crossover study for the comparison of two scopolamine nasal sprays with oral dimenhydrinate and placebo. Eur J Pharm Sci. 2001;13(2):227–232. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

77. Estrada A, LeDuc PA, Curry IP, et al. Airsickness prevention in helicopter passengers. Aviat Space Environ Med. 2007;78(4):408–413. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

78. Haware RV, Chaudhari PD, Parakh SR, et al. Development of a melting tablet containing promethazine HCL against motion sickness. AAPS PharmSci Tech. 2008;9(3):1006–1015. doi: 10.1208/s12249-008-9133-x. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

79. Paul MA, MacLellan M, Gray G. Motion-sickness medications for aircrew: impact on psychomotor performance. Aviat Space Environ Med. 2005;76(6):560–565. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

80. Weinstein SE, Stern RM. Comparison of marezine and dramamine in preventing symptoms of motion sickness. Aviat Space Environ Med. 1997;68(10):890–894. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

81. Cowings PS, Toscano WB, DeRoshia C, et al. Promethazine as a motion sickness treatment: impact on human performance and mood states. Aviat Space Environ Med. 2000;71(10):1013–1022. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

82. Nicholson AN, Stone BM, Turner C, et al. Central effects of cinnarizine: restricted use in aircrew. Aviat Space Environ Med. 2002;73(6):570–574. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

83. Paule MG, Chelonis JJ, Blake DJ, et al. Effects of drug countermeasures for space motion sickness on working memory in humans. Neurotoxicol Teratol. 2004;26(6):825–837. doi: 10.1016/j.ntt.2004.07.002. [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

84. Cheung BS, Heskin R, Hofer KD. Failure of cetirizine and fexofenadine to prevent motion sickness. Ann Pharmacother. 2003;37(2):173–177. doi: 10.1177/106002800303700201. [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

85. Kohl RL, Homick JL, Cintron N, et al. Lack of effects of astemizole on vestibular ocular reflex, motion sickness, and cognitive performance in man. Aviat Space Environ Med. 1987;58(12):1171–1174. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

86. Buckey JC, Jr, Alvarenga DL, MacKenzie TA. Chlorpheniramine and ephedrine in combination for motion sickness. J Vestib Res. 2007;17(5–6):301–311. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

87. Weerts AP, Pattyn N, Van de Heyning PH, et al. Evaluation of the effects of anti-motion sickness drugs on subjective sleepiness and cognitive performance of healthy males. J Psychopharmacol. 2014;28(7):655–664. doi: 10.1177/0269881113516201. [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

88. Murray JB. Psychophysiological aspects of motion sickness. Percept Mot Skills. 1997;85(3 Pt 2):1163–1167. doi: 10.2466/pms.1997.85.3f.1163. [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

89. Zhang LL, Liu HQ, Yu XH, et al. The combination of scopolamine and psychostimulants for the prevention of severe motion sickness. CNS Neurosci Ther. 2016;22(8):715–722. doi: 10.1111/cns.12566. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

90. Alkaissi A, Ledin T, Odkvist LM, et al. P6 acupressure increases tolerance to nauseogenic motion stimulation in women at high risk for PONV. Can J Anaesth. 2005;52(7):703–709. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

91. Bertalanffy P, Hoerauf K, Fleischhackl R, et al. Korean hand acupressure for motion sickness in prehospital trauma care: a prospective, randomized, double-blinded trial in a geriatric population. Anesth Analg. 2004;98(1):220–223. doi: 10.1213/01.ane.0000093252.56986.29. [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

92. Fydanaki O, Kousoulis P, Dardiotis E, et al. Electroacupuncture could reduce motion sickness susceptibility in healthy male adults: a double-blinded study. Med Acupunct. 2017;29(6):377–382. doi: 10.1089/acu.2017.1246. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

93. Hu S, Stritzel R, Chandler A, et al. P6 acupressure reduces symptoms of vection-induced motion sickness. Aviat Space Environ Med. 1995;66(7):631–634. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

94. Stern RM, Jokerst MD, Muth ER, et al. Acupressure relieves the symptoms of motion sickness and reduces abnormal gastric activity. Altern Ther Health Med. 2001;7(4):91–94. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

95. Tian D, Mo F, Cai X, et al. Acupuncture relieves motion sickness via the IRβ-ERK1/2-dependent insulin receptor signalling pathway. Acupunct Med. 2018;36(3):153–161. doi: 10.1136/acupmed-2016-011202. [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

96. Bruce DG, Golding JF, Hockenhull N, et al. Acupressure and motion sickness. Aviat Space Environ Med. 1990;61(4):361–365. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

97. Miller KE, Muth ER. Efficacy of acupressure and acustimulation bands for the prevention of motion sickness. Aviat Space Environ Med. 2004;75(3):227–234. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

98. Warwick-Evans LA, Masters IJ, Redstone SB. A double-blind placebo controlled evaluation of acupressure in the treatment of motion sickness. Aviat Space Environ Med. 1991;62(8):776–778. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

99. Mowrey DB, Clayson DE. Motion sickness, ginger, and psychophysics. Lancet. 1982;1(8273):655–657. doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(82)92205-x. [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

100. Abdel-Aziz H, Windeck T, Ploch M, et al. Mode of action of gingerols and shogaols on 5-HT3 receptors: binding studies, cation uptake by the receptor channel and contraction of isolated guinea-pig ileum. Eur J Pharmacol. 2006;530(1–2):136–143. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

101. Ghayur MN, Gilani AH. Pharmacological basis for the medicinal use of ginger in gastrointestinal disorders. Dig Dis Sci. 2005;50(10):1889–1897. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

102. Holtmann S, Clarke AH, Scherer H, et al. The anti-motion sickness mechanism of ginger. A comparative study with placebo and dimenhydrinate. Acta Otolaryngol. 1989;108(3–4):168–174. doi: 10.3109/00016488909125515. [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

103. Grøntved A, Brask T, Kambskard J, et al. Ginger root against seasickness. A controlled trial on the open sea. Acta Otolaryngol. 1988;105(1–2):45–49. doi: 10.3109/00016488809119444. [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

104. Jarisch R, Weyer D, Ehlert E, et al. Impact of oral vitamin C on histamine levels and seasickness. J Vestib Res. 2014;24(4):281–288. doi: 10.3233/VES-140509. [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]