Research ArticleArticle Show Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics March 1945, 83 (3) 185-194; AbstractFrom a bone gelatin, average molecular weight 50,000, fractions were prepared with average molecular weights of 29,000, 36,000, and 69,000 by alcoholic precipitation. Solutions of these gelatines isoösmotic with dog blood plasma were injected intravenously in normal anesthetized dogs, in a volume of 25 cc. per kilogram, or an average of 63% of the control plasma volume. Retention of gelatin and of fluid in the circulation over a 4-hour period varied directly, but not proportionally, with the molecular weight. Retention does not increase markedly with increase in molecular weight above 50,000. By extrapolation, a fraction of this gelatin with average molecular weight of 25,000 or less can be expected to show little retention. The fraction of injected gelatin excreted in the urine in 4 hours varies inversely with the molecular weight. No reduction in total circulating plasma protein followed the injection of gelatin, except in one experiment with the high-molecular weight fraction. None of the gelatin fractions reduced the amount of total circulating hemoglobin. All of the gelatin fractions caused some shrinkage of erythrocytes. Sedimentation of erythrocytes was increased by all gelatin fractions, most extensively by the high-molecular weight fraction. One animal succumbed following the injection of high-molecular weight gelatin. Footnotes
Log in using your username and passwordPurchase accessYou may purchase access to this article. This will require you to create an account if you don't already have one. QuestionsAboutThe estimated blood volume calculator approximates intravascular blood with consideration for patient weight and demographic information. In particular blood volume per kilogram is variable based on sex and age, with higher average blood per kg in newborn children as compared to adults. These values were derived through radioisotope labelling of circulating blood by Nadler et al. in 1962. This study derived a predictive equation based on patient sex, surface area, and body mass, which has since been simplified to a per kilogram basis based on patient age and sex. Many other equations have since been derived to estimate patient blood volume building off of Nadler's foundational work. The simplified formula used in this calculator is found commonly in anesthesia and surgical textbooks, including Clinical Anesthesia cited here. Calculator for Estimated Blood Volume Calculator performs the following equation:
Whereby, the average blood volume per demographic (mL / kg)
ReferencesNadler SB, Hidalgo JH, Bloch T. 1962; 51(2):224-32. John F. Butterworth IV, David C. Mackey, John D. Wasnick. Morgan and Mikhail's Clinical Anesthesiology. 5th Edition. 2013. 1. Weight? Copyright © 2019, Elsevier Inc. All Rights Reserved. 1 Chapter 27: Blood Patton: Anatomy and Physiology, 10th Edition MULTIPLE CHOICE 1. Which of the following is(are) involved in determining a person’s total blood volume? a.Age b.Body type c.Sex d.All of the above ANS: D DIF: Memorization REF: p. 609 TOP: Blood Volume 2. Blood volume per kilogram of body weight varies inversely with: a.skeletal volume. b.body fat. c.water weight. d.height. ANS: B DIF: Memorization REF: p. 609 TOP: Blood Volume 3. A hematocrit of 56% would be an indication of: a.leukocytosis. b.anemia. c.leukemia. d.polycythemia. ANS: D DIF: Application REF: p. 610 TOP: Hematocrit 4. Which mature cell has no nucleus, mitochondria, or ribosomes? a.Erythrocyte b.Leukocyte c.Platelet d.Neutrophil ANS: A DIF: Memorization REF: p. 610 TOP: Red Blood Cells (Erythrocytes) 5. A normal adult red blood cell count ranges from _____ million/cubic mm. a.4.2 to 6.2 b.5.5 to 6.5 c.6.5 to 7.5 d.7.5 to 8.5 ANS: A DIF: Memorization REF: p. 611 TOP: Red Blood Cells (Erythrocytes) 6. Which of the following cell types can carry oxygen? a.Leukocyte b.Thrombocyte c.Platelet d.Erythrocyte ANS: D DIF: Memorization REF: p. 611 TOP: Function of Red Blood Cells 7. A hematocrit of 40% means that in every 100 ml of whole blood, there are: a.40 red blood cells and the remainder is fluid plasma. b.40 ml of fluid plasma and 60 ml of red blood cells. c.40 ml of red blood cells and 60 ml of fluid plasma. d.2 liters (40% of 5 liters total) of fluid plasma. ANS: C DIF: Application REF: p. 610 TOP: Hematocrit 8. Under the microscope, erythrocytes appear as: a.biconcave disks without nuclei. b.circular disks with centrally located nuclei. c.circular disks with several nuclei. d.oval disks with multilobed nuclei. ANS: A DIF: Memorization REF: p. 610 TOP: Red Blood Cells (Erythrocytes) 9. Erythropoiesis is the formation of: a.platelets. b.red blood cells. c.white blood cells. d.all of the above. ANS: B DIF: Memorization REF: p. 613 TOP: Formation of Red Blood Cells What factors affect blood volume?Blood volume is determined by the amount of water and sodium ingested, excreted by the kidneys into the urine, and lost through the gastrointestinal tract, lungs and skin. The amounts of water and sodium ingested and lost are highly variable.
What determines a person's total blood volume?The amount of blood circulating within an individual depends on their size and weight, but the average human adult has nearly 5 liters of circulating blood. Women tend to have a lower blood volume than men. However, a woman's blood volume increases by roughly 50% during pregnancy.
What percentage of body weight is blood volume?The amount of blood in the human body is generally equivalent to 7 percent of body weight. The average amount of blood in your body is an estimate because it can depend on how much you weigh, your sex, and even where you live.
Does blood volume vary?A. Blood volume depends on many factors and is highly variable, but estimates based on body height, weight and gender can be made, and an online calculator based on recent research is available at easycalculation.com/medical/blood-volume.php.
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Blood volume per kilogram of body weight varies inversely with
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