CaptionCadmium (Cd). Diagram of the nuclear composition and electron configuration of an atom of cadmium-114 (atomic number: 48), the most common isotope of this element. The nucleus consists of 48 protons (red) and 66 neutrons (blue). 48 electrons (green) bind to the nucleus, successively occupying available electron shells (rings). Cadmium is a transition metal in group 12, period 5, and the d-block of the periodic table. It has a melting point of 321 degrees Celsius, a much lower melting point than most of the other transition metals, since the d-subshell shielding effect ends. It is used in some solar panels and batteries. Show
Home About This Site Window Version Show Table With: Element Groups: Basic InformationName: Cadmium Symbol: Cd Atomic Number: 48 Atomic Mass: 112.411 amu Melting Point: 320.9 °C (594.05 K, 609.62 °F) Boiling Point: 765.0 °C (1038.15 K, 1409.0 °F) Number of Protons/Electrons: 48 Number of Neutrons: 64 Classification: Transition Metal Crystal Structure: Hexagonal Density @ 293 K: 8.65 g/cm3 Color: Silvery Atomic Structure
IsotopesIsotope Half Life Cadmium is a soft, bluish-white metal is chemically similar to the two other stable metals in group 12, zinc and mercury. In nuclear industry cadmium is commonly used as a thermal neutron absorber due to very high neutron absorption cross-section of 113Cd. 113Cd has specific absorption cross-section.
The total number of neutrons in the nucleus of an atom is called the neutron number of the atom and is given the symbol N. Neutron number plus atomic number equals atomic mass number: N+Z=A. The difference between the neutron number and the atomic number is known as the neutron excess: D = N – Z = A – 2Z. For stable elements, there is usually a variety of stable isotopes. Isotopes are nuclides that have the same atomic number and are therefore the same element, but differ in the number of neutrons. Mass numbers of typical isotopes of Cadmium are 108, 110-112, 114. Main Isotopes of CadmiumCadmium occurs in 8 natural isotopes: 106Cd, 108Cd, 110Cd, 111Cd, 112Cd, 113Cd, 114Cd and 116Cd. 113Cd is very slightly radioactive, decaying by beta decay with a half-life of 7.7×1015 years. 114Cd is the most common isotope, having a natural abundance of approximately 28%. Cadmium-106 is composed of 48 protons, 58 neutrons, and 48 electrons. Cadmium-108 is composed of 48 protons, 60 neutrons, and 48 electrons. Cadmium-110 is composed of 48 protons, 62 neutrons, and 48 electrons. Cadmium-111 is composed of 48 protons, 63 neutrons, and 48 electrons. Cadmium-112 is composed of 48 protons, 64 neutrons, and 48 electrons. Cadmium-113 is composed of 48 protons, 65 neutrons, and 48 electrons. Cadmium-114 is composed of 48 protons, 66 neutrons, and 48 electrons. Cadmium-116 is composed of 48 protons, 68 neutrons, and 48 electrons. Naturally Occuring Isotopes
Electrons and Electron ConfigurationThe number of electrons in an electrically-neutral atom is the same as the number of protons in the nucleus. Therefore, the number of electrons in neutral atom of Cadmium is 48. Each electron is influenced by the electric fields produced by the positive nuclear charge and the other (Z – 1) negative electrons in the atom. Since the number of electrons and their arrangement are responsible for the chemical behavior of atoms, the atomic number identifies the various chemical elements. The configuration of these electrons follows from the principles of quantum mechanics. The number of electrons in each element’s electron shells, particularly the outermost valence shell, is the primary factor in determining its chemical bonding behavior. In the periodic table, the elements are listed in order of increasing atomic number Z. Electron configuration of Cadmium is [Kr] 4d10 5s2. Possible oxidation states are +2. Most Common Application of CadmiumCadmium is primarily consumed for the production of rechargeable nickel cadmium batteries. In 2009, 86% of cadmium was used in batteries, predominantly in rechargeable nickel-cadmium batteries. A fully charged Ni-Cd cell contains:
About Protons
The protons exist in the nuclei of typical atoms, along with their neutral counterparts, the neutrons. Neutrons and protons, commonly called nucleons, are bound together in the atomic nucleus, where they account for 99.9 percent of the atom’s mass. Research in high-energy particle physics in the 20th century revealed that neither the neutron nor the proton is not the smallest building block of matter. About Neutrons A neutron is one of the subatomic particles that make up matter. In the universe, neutrons are abundant, making up more than half of all visible matter. It has no electric charge and a rest mass equal to 1.67493 × 10−27 kg—marginally greater than that of the proton but nearly 1839 times greater than that of the electron. The neutron has a mean square radius of about 0.8×10−15 m, or 0.8 fm, and it is a spin-½ fermion. Atomic nuclei consist of protons and neutrons, which attract each other through the nuclear force, while protons repel each other via the electric force due to their positive charge. These two forces compete, leading to various stability of nuclei. There are only certain combinations of neutrons and protons, which forms stable nuclei. Neutrons stabilize the nucleus, because they attract each other and protons , which helps offset the electrical repulsion between protons. As a result, as the number of protons increases, an increasing ratio of neutrons to protons is needed to form a stable nucleus. If there are too many or too few neutrons for a given number of protons, the resulting nucleus is not stable and it undergoes radioactive decay. Unstable isotopes decay through various radioactive decay pathways, most commonly alpha decay, beta decay, or electron capture. Many other rare types of decay, such as spontaneous fission or neutron emission are known. It should be noted that all of these decay pathways may be accompanied by the subsequent emission of gamma radiation. Pure alpha or beta decays are very rare. About Electrons and Electron Configuration The periodic table is a tabular display of the chemical elements organized on the basis of their atomic numbers, electron configurations, and chemical properties. The electron configuration is the distribution of electrons of an atom or molecule (or other physical structure) in atomic or molecular orbitals. Knowledge of the electron configuration of different atoms is useful in understanding the structure of the periodic table of elements. Every solid, liquid, gas, and plasma is composed of neutral or ionized atoms. The chemical properties of the atom are determined by the number of protons, in fact, by number and arrangement of electrons. The configuration of these electrons follows from the principles of quantum mechanics. The number of electrons in each element’s electron shells, particularly the outermost valence shell, is the primary factor in determining its chemical bonding behavior. In the periodic table, the elements are listed in order of increasing atomic number Z. It is the Pauli exclusion principle that requires the electrons in an atom to occupy different energy levels instead of them all condensing in the ground state. The ordering of the electrons in the ground state of multielectron atoms, starts with the lowest energy state (ground state) and moves progressively from there up the energy scale until each of the atom’s electrons has been assigned a unique set of quantum numbers. This fact has key implications for the building up of the periodic table of elements. For atoms with many electrons, this notation can become lengthy and so an abbreviated notation is used. The electron configuration can be visualized as the core electrons, equivalent to the noble gas of the preceding period, and the valence electrons (e.g. [Xe] 6s2 for barium). Oxidation StatesOxidation states are typically represented by integers which may be positive, zero, or negative. Most elements have more than one possible oxidation state. For example, carbon has nine possible integer oxidation states from −4 to +4. The current IUPAC Gold Book definition of oxidation state is: “Oxidation state of an atom is the charge of this atom after ionic approximation of its heteronuclear bonds…” and the term oxidation number is nearly synonymous. An element that is not combined with any other different elements has an oxidation state of 0. Oxidation state 0 occurs for all elements – it is simply the element in its elemental form. An atom of an element in a compound will have a positive oxidation state if it has had electrons removed. Similarly, adding electrons results in a negative oxidation state. We have also distinguish between the possible and common oxidation states of every element. For example, silicon has nine possible integer oxidation states from −4 to +4, but only -4, 0 and +4 are common oxidation states. Summary
Source: www.luciteria.com Other properties of CadmiumHow many protons and neutrons are in a cadmium atom?Therefore, a cadmium atom has forty-eight protons and forty-eight electrons. The number of neutrons in an atom can be determined by the difference between the atomic mass and the number of protons. The difference between the mass number of the cadmium atom and the number of protons is sixty-four. Therefore, a cadmium atom has sixty-four neutrons.
How many protons electrons and neutrons does calcium have?The atomic number of an element is equal to the number of protons and electrons in that element. Therefore, a calcium atom has twenty protons and twenty electrons. The number of neutrons in an atom can be determined by the difference between the atomic mass and the number of protons.
What is the chemical symbol for cadmium?The chemical symbol for Cadmium is Cd. Mass numbers of typical isotopes of Cadmium are 108, 110-112, 114. The total number of neutrons in the nucleus of an atom is called the neutron number of the atom and is given the symbol N. Neutron number plus atomic number equals atomic mass number: N+Z=A.
What is an isotope of cadmium?Isotopes are nuclides that have the same atomic number and are therefore the same element, but differ in the number of neutrons. Mass numbers of typical isotopes of Cadmium are 108, 110-112, 114.
Does cadmium have 48 protons?Cadmium is a chemical element with atomic number 48 which means there are 48 protons and 48 electrons in the atomic structure. The chemical symbol for Cadmium is Cd. Since the number of electrons is responsible for the chemical behavior of atoms, the atomic number identifies the various chemical elements.
How many protons neutrons and electrons are in cadmium?We have: Number of protons is 48. Number of electrons is 48. Number of neutrons is 64.
How many protons are in each nucleus?The number of protons in the nucleus of the atom is equal to the atomic number (Z). The number of electrons in a neutral atom is equal to the number of protons. The mass number of the atom (M) is equal to the sum of the number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus.
Which element has 48 protons in its nucleus?Cadmium is a chemical element with symbol Cd and atomic number 48.
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How many protons are in the nucleus of an cadmium atom?
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