To understand what is taking place today, we need to understand the nature of the recurring political-religious cycles called "Great Awakenings." Each lasting about 100 years, Great Awakenings consist of three phases, each about a generation long. Show
A cycle begins with a phase of religious revival, propelled by the tendency of new technological advances to outpace the human capacity to cope with ethical and practical complexities that those new technologies entail. The phase of religious revival is followed by one of rising political effect and reform, followed by a phase in which the new ethics and politics of the religious awakening come under increasing challenge and the political coalition promoted by the awakening goes into decline. These cycles overlap, the end of one cycle coinciding with the beginning of the next. Phases of the Four Great Awakenings Phase of Religious RevivalPhase of Rising Political EffectPhase of Increasing Challenge to Dominance of the Political ProgramFirst Great Awakening, 1730-18301730-60: Weakening of predestination doctrine; recognition that many sinners may be predestined for salvation; introduction of revival meetings emphasizing spiritual rebirth; rise of ethic of benevolence.1760-90: Attack on British corruption; American Revolution; belief in equality of opportunity (the principle that accepted the inequality of income and other circumstances of life as natural, but held that persons of low social rank could raise themselves up—by industry, perseverance, talent, and righteous behavior—to the top of the economic and social order); establishment of egalitarianism as national ethic.1790-1830: Breakup of revolutionary coalition.Second Great Awakening, 1800-19201800-1840: Rise of belief that anyone can achieve saving grace through inner and outer struggle against sin; introduction of camp meetings and intensified levels of revivals; widespread adoption of ethic of benevolence; upsurge of millennialism.1840-1879: Rise of single issue reform movements, each intending to contribute to making America fit for the Second Coming of Christ (these included the nativist movement, the temperance movement which was successful in prohibiting the sale of alcoholic drinks in 13 states, and the abolitionist movement that culminated in the formation of the republican party); sweeping reform agendas aimed at eliminating all barriers to equal opportunity; antislavery; attack on corruption of the South; Civil War; women's suffrage; continuation of belief in equality of opportunity.1870-1920: Replacement of prewar evangelical leaders; Darwinian crisis; urban crisis.Third Great Awakening, 1890-?1890-1930: Shift from emphasis on personal to social sin; rise in belief that poverty is not a personal failure ("the wages of sin") but a societal failure that can be addressed by the state; shift to more secular interpretation of the Bible and creed.1930-1970: Attack on corruption of big business and the right; labor reforms; civil rights and women's rights movements; belief in equality of condition (principle that equality is to be achieved primarily by government programs aimed at raising wages and transferring income from rich to poor through income taxes and finance welfare programs); rise in belief that poverty is not a personal failure but a societal failure; expansion of secondary and higher education; attack on religious and racial barriers to equal opportunity (leading to later attacks on gender-based assumptions of behavior and discrimination based on sexual orientation).1970-?: Attack on liberal reforms; defeat of Equal Rights Amendment; rise of tax revolt; rise of Christian Coalition and other political groups of the religious Right.Fourth, and Current, Great Awakening, 1960-?1960-?: Return to sensuous religion and reassertion of experiential content of the Bible; rapid growth of the enthusiastic religions (including fundamentalist, Pentacostal, and Protestant charismatic denominations, "born-again" Catholics, Mormons); reassertion of concept of personal sin; stress on an ethic of individual responsibility, hard work, a simple life, and dedication to family.1990-?: Attack on materialist corruption; rise of pro-life, pro-family, and media reform movements; campaign for more value-oriented school curriculum; expansion of tax revolt; attack on entitlements; return to a belief in equality of opportunity.?: Imagine becoming so overcome with emotion that your body convulses in response to a spiritual conversion. While not all religious conversions embodied such a physical response, many people in the colonies wanted to experience such an event. In the early 1740s, the Great Awakening, a mass religious movement, spread throughout the thirteen colonies. The Great Awakening influenced the colonies' religious ideology and would eventually shape the identity of the United States. This movement unified the colonists on a scale never seen before. During this time, many colonists claimed to wake up to God. Furthermore, thanks to the printing industry, colonists were able to experience others' "Great Awakening" through newspapers and other articles. The First Great Awakening: 1720s-1740sThe Great Awakening had its roots in England, Scotland, and Germany, where great religious revivals had taken place and ultimately spread to the American colonies. Many ministers, either not associated with a known church or breaking away from the church, began preaching an emotional approach to religion. Colonists began to dislike the impersonal worship style of traditional church practices, and preachers emphasized an individual's salvation experience instead of religious ideas like predestination. As a result, colonists rebelled against the established church hierarchy and structure and changed colonial religion. The First Great Awakening saw a movement of Protestant Revivalism that spread through colonial America in the mid to late eighteenth century. Preachers came from several denominations, including Congregationalists, Anglicans, and Presbyterians. In addition, many evangelists spoke of the need to repent and devote oneself entirely to God. As a result, thousands of non-religious colonists converted to Protestantism, which critically impacted the church population, home life, and colleges. Protestant Revivalism: A movement in the Protestant faith that seeks to re-energize the spiritual energy of the current church members and bring in new members. Religious Belief systems that influenced the First Great Awakening
Preachers of the First Great AwakeningLet's see some of the main preachers that were part of the First Great Awakening. Portrait of Jonathan Edwards.Jonathan EdwardsJonathan Edwards, a minister, and theologian, became well known for his sermons. In his sermon, Sinners in the Hands of An Angry God, Edwards preached that God's judgment would be harsh and that it would incur much fear and pain. However, Edwards also maintained relationships with Native Americans, caring for their educational and religious progression. As we can see below, Edwards' preached that the only salvation man had was by the will of God. There is nothing that keeps wicked men, at any one moment, out of hell, but the mere pleasure of GOD. -Jonathan Edwards, Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God Image from the Life of Rev. George Whitefield, 1877. George Whitefield Many preachers of the First Great Awakening would travel throughout the colonies to share their religious beliefs. For example, George Whitefield, a well-known preacher in England, traveled throughout the colonies, drawing crowds so large that he often preached outside. Whitefield’s popularity correlated with his often theatrical sermons where weeping and threats of "fire and brimstone" were commonplace. However, many clergy members disagreed with such religious enthusiasm leaving many colonists polarized. Eventually, a split between the two different ideologies known as the "New Lights" and the "Old Lights." The Old Lights remained close to stricter religious beliefs and saw the new revivalism as turbulent. However, the opposing New Lights believed strongly in the new idea of emotional religiosity. Did you know? When Whitefield was young, he contracted measles which left his eyes crossed. This can be seen in most of his portraits. Growth of Colleges Colleges saw exponential growth during the first great awakening. The need for seminaries to instruct future preachers was great. With little to no schools in the colonies, students needed thorough instruction. William Tennent, a Presbyterian minister, founded Log College in 1735 to fully train future preachers. Log College graduates would later go on to found Princeton University. Historian Perspectives on the Great Awakening: Later historians, less ready to admit either its [the Great Awakening] greatness or its generality, have in concert described the revival as limited to this area or that, to this social class exclusive of that, and as brought about by this or that socio-economic force. Yet the phenomenon known as the Great Awakening is of such proportions as to lead to its interpretation as something other than a religious movement. -Edwin S. Gaustad, Society and the Great Awakening, 1954 The Great Awakening, with its' strong ties to religiosity has been argued by some historians as having more secular developments rather than religious. In the quote above Gaustad opens his article on the Great Awakening with a statement regarding the potential of the Great Awakening's beginnings in something other than religion. Though the Great Awakening is historically known as a religious event, deeper cultural impacts could be seen throughout colonial America.American historians have also linked the Awakening directly to the Revolution. Harry S. Stout has argued that the Awakening stimulated a new system of mass communications that increased the colonists' political awareness and reduced their deference to elite groups prior to the Revolution." -Jon Butler, Enthusiasm Described and Decried: The Great Awakening as Interpretive Fiction, 1982. Deference: humble submission and respect. Another interesting historian claim is the direct link between the Great Awakening and the Revolution. In the quote above, Stout argues that the Great Awakening helped heighten colonists' political perception. This political perception, according to Stout, urged colonists to see a smaller gap between the social classes.The Second Great Awakening 1800-1870sThe Second Great Awakening drew on a new type of theology that would go against the established colonial religion at the time. For example, Puritans followed Calvinism which was rooted in predestination. Predestination was a belief that God already knew who would get into heaven and who would go to hell. To Puritans, their actions did not matter because God had already decided who was going to heaven. However, the theology of the Second Great Awakening directly opposed the teachings of Calvinism. Instead, preachers taught believers to be concerned with doing good words and bringing heaven to earth. Calvinism- Religious belief based on French theologian John Calvin and predestination Sacramental Scene in a Western Forest.The Second Great Awakening was a period of religious revival in early colonial America that embodied social, religious, and cultural practices in the 19th century. As a result, church attendance soared, and thousands of people had religious conversions where they pledged their lives to God. However, while the First Great Awakening focused predominantly on the New England area, the Second Great Awakening focused on spreading educational and religious infrastructure to the frontier (Western New York). Frontier RevivalsCamp Meetings became the dominant preaching format on the frontier, drawing tens of thousands of people for days. Encouraged by the sparse population in the frontier, many settlers were eager to meet with a large group of people and experience an emotional, spiritual conversion. After the camp meetings, settlers would return home and often join a local church. Thus, the camp meeting revivals often spurred local church attendance and participation. Camp MeetingsThe Second Great Awakening used camp meetings as one of the dominant preaching platforms. Camp meetings staged assemblies where people heard sermons and engaged in conversions. Thousands of people were drawn to these meetings due to their religious fervor during conversions. Many people would shout, shake, and throw themselves on the ground during one of these profound spiritual experiences. As word traveled about the dramatic camp meetings, more people attended to either have an experience or witness one. Portrait of Charles Finney.Famous Frontier preachersTwo of the most well-known preachers were Lyman Beecher and Charles Finney during the frontier religious revival. Beecher believed that people were becoming too secular and straying away from God. He thought he should feel religion with emotion instead of logic, following closely with most other religious teachings of the Second Great Awakening. On the other side, Charles Finney traveled and drew tens of thousands of people with his sermons and believed that women should preach in public. The two men had starkly different perspectives but became well-known contributors to the religious movement. Circuit RidersCircuit Rider Statue in Oregon (1924).In the Second Great Awakening context, the frontier referred to western New York and Appalachia. Thus, reaching remote families and towns became difficult. However, multiple denominations had many tools to reach these remote people. For example, Methodists used groups of preachers called circuit riders. These preachers would go by horseback to remote families out on the frontier to convert them. The riders were also responsible for organizing and setting up camp meetings. Circuit riders- A preacher who rode on horseback to preach to rural areas, used mainly by the Methodist Social and Moral Reforms:The Second Great Awakening brought about important social and moral reformations, spurred by social and geographic mobility and the market revolution. Colonists could move around easier than before, and manufacturing had begun shifting away from homes to factories giving the people purchasing power. The temperance movement established a crusade against alcohol and drunkenness and opened roles for women. Several temperance organizations arrived in America in the 19th century. For example, the American temperance movement maintained thousands of chapters and aligned with the abolitionist movement to stop the slave trade. Abolitionist: A person who is against the institution of slavery, someone who wants to end slavery. Portrait of Dorothea Dix.Along with moral reforms, the second great awakening spurred social reformations that changed education, asylum, and prison reform. In the 1830s, a significant push for universal education swept colonial America. In addition to education, improvements in mental health treatment came about through asylum reform headed by Dorothea Dix. Finally, reform for prison policies eliminated prison for debtors. Utopian SocietiesUtopian societies were prevalent in religious teachings throughout the second great awakening. These societies promoted perfection on earth through good works and human behavior. Several villages attempted to create a utopian society in colonial America. For example, Brooke Farm in Massachusetts believed that all residents should work equally. Other towns and villages attempted utopian societies where ideas like free love and complete equality became the norm. Utopian: wanting a state in which everything is perfect/idealistic. Comparison of First and Second Great AwakeningFirst Great AwakeningSecond Great Awakening1720s-1740s1820s-1850sDominated the New England areaFocused on AppalachiaGod grants salvationSalvation is controlled by the individualSinful nature of humans (Jonathan Edwards)Humans have the capacity to change their behaviorBelieved in PredestinationRejected predestinationSpurred colleges to instruct future preacherscollege growth continuedPersonal accountability was crucialspurred reform movements and utopian societiesEffects of the Great Awakening
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