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Maps of the settlements of the Indus River Valley Civilization over time. Red dots represent towns and villages and white dots represent major cities. Notice how civilizations migrated east and how the number of cities decreased over time. Note that the years on the map are in years BP rather than BCE (BP = years before present; years BP = years BCE + 2000 years) (from Nield 2020). How is this related to climate?
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References and Additional Resources
What happened to the ancient peoples of the Indus Valley they migrated?Around 2500 BCE, civilization in the Indus River Valley began to decline as people migrated eastward to the Himalayan foothills. Here, they shifted from a civilization composed of large cities to one of mostly small farming villages (map below). By 1800 BCE, most Harappan cities were almost completely abandoned.
Which people destroyed the Indus Valley Civilization?Aryans. A nomadic, Indo-European tribe called the Aryans suddenly overwhelmed and conquered the Indus Valley Civilization.
What happened after the decline of Indus Valley Civilization?Many historians believe the Indus civilisation collapsed because of changes to the geography and climate of the area. Movements in the Earth's crust (the outside layer) might have caused the Indus river to flood and change its direction.
What challenges did the people of the Indus Valley region experience?Floods were especially torrential when the monsoon pattern would shift. Other natural disasters, like earthquakes, were also challenges to those in the Indus River Valley. Another formidable challenge to those living along the Indus River were nomadic invaders.
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