What is the difference between a sperm and an egg Quizlet

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Terms in this set (15)

Know the difference between external and internal fertilization and the type of environment to which each one adapted.

a. External:
i. Eggs shed by female and fertilized by male in external environment
ii. Aquatic animals
b. Internal:
i. Takes place inside the female
ii. Usually requires copulation/sex organs
iii. Land

What are the advantages of internal fertilization? Know two.

a. Protection of embryo from predation
b. Higher chance of survival of offspring means production of fewer sex cells which saves on resources

What are were the advantages of the development of the placenta (advantages of live birth) compared to laying eggs? Describe two reasons.

a. Direct nutrients from the mother
b. Temperature control
c. Increase in probably of survival for one rather than risky survival of many

Know the differences between eggs and sperm.

Eggs:
- One per cycle
- Meiosis completed after fertilization
- Meiotic division of cytoplasm unequal
- Haploid
- Large size: provides material from which embryo is made
- Immotile (relatively)
- Production during development only

Sperm:
- 250,000,000 per ejaculate
- Meiosis completed before fertilization
- Meiotic division of cytoplasm equal
- Haploid
- Minimal size: provides no material from which embryo is made
- Motile
- Production continuous from adolescence and during adulthood

Know what the following male reproductive features are and their function: scrotum, testis, seminiferous tubules, vas deferens, seminal vesicle, and prostate.

a. Scrotum:
i. The pouch of skin containing the testicles
b. Testis:
i. An organ that produces spermatozoa (male reproductive cells)
c. Seminiferous tubules:
i. The coiled threadlike tubules that make up the bulk of the testis and are lined with a layer of epithelial cells from which the spermatozoa are produced
d. Vas deferens:
i. The duct that conveys sperm from the testicle to the urethra
e. Seminal vesicle
i. Each of a pair of glands hat open into the vas deferens near its junction with the urethra and secrete many of the components of semen
f. Prostate:
i. A gland surrounding the neck of the bladder that releases prostate fluid (makes up semen)

Why is semen alkaline (high pH)?

a. So it can balance out the acidity of the female reproductive system

Why are testes outside of the body cavity?

a. For temperature control
b. Maintain an environment that will allow the sperm to grow

Know what the following female reproductive features are and their function: follicle, ovary, oviduct (or Fallopian tube), uterus, endometrium, and cervix.

a. Follicle:
i. A small ovarian sac containing an immature ovum
b. Ovary:
i. A female reproductive organ in which ova or eggs are produced
ii. Present as a pair
c. Oviduct:
i. The tube through which an ovum or egg passes form an ovary
d. Uterus:
i. The organ in the lower body of a woman or female mammal where offspring are conceived
ii. The womb
e. Endometrium:
i. The mucus membrane lining the uterus which thickens during the menstrual cycle in preparation for possible implantation of an embryo
f. Cervix:
i. The narrow neck like passage forming the lower end of the uterus

Know the hormonal basis of ovulation. (Knowing the role of hormones during the menstrual cycle will also help you understand the basis of contraceptives.)

a. Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) will stimulate several follicles in the ovary which contain eggs
b. Only one follicle will mature and this follicle will release estrogen
c. Estrogen will bind to estrogen receptors in the hypothalamus and stimulate a surge of luteinizing hormone (LH)
d. LH surge induces ovulation

What is the role of estrogen and progesterone after ovulation?

a. Estrogen levels continue to increase thickening the uterus lining to prepare it for possible fertilization
b. The corpus luteum of the released egg will release progesterone which also prepares the endometrium for possible implantation
c. If the egg is not fertilized, the corpus luteum degenerates and progesterone and estrogen levels decrease

What happens to estrogen and progesterone levels several days after ovulation if a) the egg has not been fertilized and b) if the egg has been fertilized.

a. If the egg is fertilized, the estrogen and progesterone levels continue to rise suppressing ovulation and contributing to various aspects of pregnancy
b. If the egg is not fertilized, estrogen and progesterone levels decrease inducing menstruation

Why do women menstruate? What is the benefit of menstruation (overlaps with question above).

a. Ensure you have a fresh egg
b. Keep endometrium tissue as fresh as possible by building a new one

What happens to hormone levels at menopause?

a. Hormone levels drop

Why is sexual reproduction so common in the animal kingdom despite its reproductive cost? Describe two reasons.

a. Popular because increasing genetic diversity
b. Helps preserve the species
c. Better eliminate detrimental genes
d. It's inefficient and costly

Know where and how sperm are produced.

a. Germ cells near the outer wall of the seminiferous tubules of the testis differentiate into stem cells called spermatogonia
b. Spermatogonia divide by mitosis, and mature into primary spermatocytes
c. Each primary spermatocyte undergoes meiosis
i. Meiosis 1 yields two haploid secondary spermatocytes
ii. Meiosis 2 yields four equal-sized spermatids
d. The spermatids migrate toward the lumen(central opening)
e. Sertoli cells supply nutrients for the spermatids, which mature into motile sperm in the epididymis

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