It costs money to make money. Every successful business keeps its costs below revenue to generate profits. One way to measure a company's profitability is to calculate its gross margin, which is the percentage of revenue it retains after subtracting the costs directly related to the sale of goods or services. Show
We'll take a closer look at this profitability measure by exploring:
What is gross margin?Gross margin -- also called gross profit margin or gross margin ratio -- is a company's sales minus its cost of goods sold (COGS), expressed as a percentage of sales. Put another way, gross margin is the percentage of a company's revenue that it keeps after subtracting direct expenses such as labor and materials. The higher the gross margin, the more revenue a company has to cover other obligations -- like taxes, interest on debt, and other expenses -- and generate profit. How to calculate gross marginThe computation for gross margin is a two-step process. First, you need to determine a company's gross profit, which is a straightforward calculation: Gross profit = Revenue-COGS You can find the revenue and COGS numbers in a company's financial statements. You can then use the gross profit number to determine gross margin:  Image Source: The Motley Fool. As an example of how to calculate gross margin, consider a company that during the most recent quarter generated $150 million in sales and had direct selling costs of $100 million. The company's gross profit would equal $150 million minus $100 million, or $50 million, during this period. We can use the gross profit of $50 million to determine the company's gross margin. Simply divide the $50 million gross profit into the sales of $150 million and then multiply that amount by 100. The gross margin for this example company is 33.3%. Gross margin vs. gross profit: What is the difference?There can be some confusion between gross margin and gross profit. Gross profit is a measure of absolute value, while gross margin is a ratio. Gross profit is simply the difference between a company's sales and its direct selling costs, and a company's gross margin is its gross profit expressed as a percentage of sales. Gross margin puts gross profit into context by taking the company's sales volume into account. How to use gross margin to evaluate a companyMargins are metrics that assess a company's efficiency in converting sales to profits. Different types of margins, including operating margin and net profit margin, focus on separate stages and aspects of the business. Gross margin gives insight into a company's ability to efficiently control its production costs, which should help the company to produce higher profits farther down the income statement. Calculating gross margin is useful for comparison purposes. Determining a company's gross margins for multiple reporting periods provides insight into whether the company's operations are becoming more or less efficient. Determining the gross margins of multiple companies within the same industry is another type of comparison, and it can help you to understand which market participants have the most efficient operations. What are the limitations to gross margin?While calculating gross margin can be helpful for evaluating a company's reporting periods or similar companies, the metric has more limited value when comparing companies in different industries. Capital-intensive industries, like manufacturing and mining, often have high costs of goods sold, which translates to relatively low gross margins. Others, like the tech industry, that have minimal costs of goods typically produce high gross margins. Related investing topicsGross margin is a strong indicator of profitabilityDetermining gross margin is an easy and straightforward way to understand the core elements of a business. It's also a great way to get started when assessing any income statement. Gross margin is something that all investors should consider when evaluating a company before buying any stock. The Motley Fool has a disclosure policy. Markup vs. Gross Margin (by Adrián Chiogna) Gross margin is the difference between revenue and cost of goods sold (COGS), divided by revenue. Gross margin is expressed as a percentage. Generally, it is calculated as the selling price of an item, less the cost of goods sold (e. g. production or acquisition costs, not including indirect fixed costs like office expenses, rent, or administrative costs), then divided by the same selling price. "Gross margin" is often used interchangeably with "gross profit", however the terms are different: "gross profit" is technically an absolute monetary amount and "gross margin" is technically a percentage or ratio. Gross margin is a kind of profit margin, specifically a form of profit divided by net revenue, e. g., gross (profit) margin, operating (profit) margin, net (profit) margin, etc. Purpose[edit]The purpose of margins is "to determine the value of incremental sales, and to guide pricing and promotion decision."[1] "Margin on sales represents a key factor behind many of the most fundamental business considerations, including budgets and forecasts. All managers should, and generally do, know their approximate business margins. Managers differ widely, however, in the assumptions they use in calculating margins and in the ways they analyze and communicate these important figures."[1] Percentage margins and unit margins[edit]Gross margin can be expressed as a percentage or in total financial terms. If the latter, it can be reported on a per-unit basis or on a per-period basis for a business. "Margin (on sales) is the difference between selling price and cost. This difference is typically expressed either as a percentage of selling price or on a per-unit basis. Managers need to know margins for almost all marketing decisions. Margins represent a key factor in pricing, return on marketing spending, earnings forecasts, and analyses of customer profitability." In a survey of nearly 200 senior marketing managers, 78 percent responded that they found the "margin %" metric very useful while 65 percent found "unit margin" very useful. "A fundamental variation in the way people talk about margins lies in the difference between percentage margins and unit margins on sales. The difference is easy to reconcile, and managers should be able to switch back and forth between the two."[1] Definition of "Unit"[edit]"Every business has its own notion of a 'unit,' ranging from a ton of margarine, to 64 ounces of cola, to a bucket of plaster. Many industries work with multiple units and calculate margin accordingly… Marketers must be prepared to shift between varying perspectives with little effort because decisions can be rounded in any of these perspectives."[1] Investopedia defines "gross margin" as: Gross margin (%) = (Revenue − Cost of goods sold) / Revenue[2] In contrast, "gross profit" is defined as: Gross profit = Net sales − Cost of goods sold + Annual sales return or as the ratio of gross profit to revenue, usually as a percentage: Cost of sales, also denominated "cost of goods sold" (COGS), includes variable costs and fixed costs directly related to the sale, e.g., material costs, labor, supplier profit, shipping-in costs (cost of transporting the product to the point of sale, as opposed to shipping-out costs which are not included in COGS), etc. It excludes indirect fixed costs, e.g., office expenses, rent, and administrative costs. Higher gross margins for a manufacturer indicate greater efficiency in turning raw materials into income. For a retailer it would be the difference between its markup and the wholesale price. Larger gross margins are generally considered ideal for most businesses, with the exception of discount retailers who instead rely on operational efficiency and strategic financing to remain competitive with businesses that have lower margins. Two related metrics are unit margin and margin percent:
"Percentage margins can also be calculated using total sales revenue and total costs. When working with either percentage or unit margins, marketers can perform a simple check by verifying that the individual parts sum to the total."[1]
"When considering multiple products with different revenues and costs, we can calculate overall margin (%) on either of two bases: Total revenue and total costs for all products, or the dollar-weighted average of the percentage margins of the different products."[1] Use in sales[edit]Retailers can measure their profit by using two basic methods, namely markup and margin, both of which describe gross profit. Markup expresses profit as a percentage of the cost of the product to the retailer. Margin expresses profit as a percentage of the selling price of the product that the retailer determines. These methods produce different percentages, yet both percentages are valid descriptions of the profit. It is important to specify which method is used when referring to a retailer's profit as a percentage. Some retailers use margins because profits are easily calculated from the total of sales. If margin is 30%, then 30% of the total of sales is the profit. If markup is 30%, the percentage of daily sales that are profit will not be the same percentage. Some retailers use markups because it is easier to calculate a sales price from a cost. If markup is 40%, then sales price will be 40% more than the cost of the item. If margin is 40%, then sales price will not be equal to 40% over cost; in fact, it will be approximately 67% more than the cost of the item. Markup[edit]The equation for calculating the monetary value of gross margin is: Gross margin = Sales − Cost of goods sold A simple way to keep markup and gross margin factors straight is to remember that:
Gross margin (as a percentage of revenue)[edit]Most people find it easier to work with gross margin because it directly tells you how much of the sales revenue, or price, is profit: If an item costs $100 to produce and is sold for a price of $200, the price includes a 100% markup which represents a 50% gross margin. Gross margin is just the percentage of the selling price that is profit. In this case, 50% of the price is profit, or $100. In a more complex example, if an item costs $204 to produce and is sold for a price of $340, the price includes a 67% markup ($136) which represents a 40% gross margin. This means that 40% of the $340 is profit. Again, gross margin is just the direct percentage of profit in the sale price. In accounting, the gross margin refers to sales minus cost of goods sold. It is not necessarily profit as other expenses such as sales, administrative, and financial costs must be deducted. And it means companies are reducing their cost of production or passing their cost to customers.[clarification needed] The higher the ratio, all other things being equal, the better for the retailer. Converting between gross margin and markup (gross profit)[edit]Converting markup to gross margin Examples:
Converting gross margin to markup Examples:
Using gross margin to calculate selling price Given the cost of an item, one can compute the selling price required to achieve a specific gross margin. For example, if your product costs $100 and the required gross margin is 40%, then Gross margin tools to measure retail performance[edit]Some of the tools that are useful in retail analysis are GMROII, GMROS and GMROL.
Differences between industries[edit]In some industries, like clothing for example, profit margins are expected to be near the 40% mark, as the goods need to be bought from suppliers at a certain rate before they are resold. In other industries such as software product development the gross profit margin can be higher than 80% in many cases.[3] In the agriculture industry, particularly the European Union, Standard Gross Margin is used to assess farm profitability. References[edit]As of February 5, 2012, this article is derived in whole or in part from Marketing Metrics: The Definitive Guide to Measuring Marketing Performance by Farris, Bendle, Pfeifer and Reibstein. The copyright holder has licensed the content in a manner that permits reuse under CC BY-SA 3.0 and GFDL. All relevant terms must be followed.
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