What is the fastest growing clover?

Companions

Often planted with other hardy annual flowers including field poppies.

Troubleshooting

Crimson clover plants become quite tough as they age, but they seldom regrow when cut off at the soil line.

Red clover is one of the most popularly used true clovers in the UK. Once established it�s capable of rapid growth and shows reasonably good persistence up to three years, although ongoing breeding work is being carried out to increase plant persistence. The highest yielding strains of red clover are called 'double cut' varieties, normally providing quick regrowth after cutting and several flushes or cuts per season. The 'single cut' strains of red clover, notably the variety altaswede provide one large cut per season, flowering approximately 10 days later than the 'double cut' strains.

Uses

Used for silage and aftermath grazing in the autumn. It can also be used as a soil improving green manure.

Persistence

The crop should persist for 2 - 3 years, It is survival of the plant crowns that determine the longevity of the crop, so good management is essential. These gradually deteriorate over time, becoming diseased, damaged by cutting, trafficking, or trampling by livestock. The Swiss variety milvus has been bred to last up to 4 years in the field, and work continues in other breeding programmes to improve on this further.

Strengths

More palatable and digestible than pure grass forage, is one reason why livestock perform well when fed clover. It provides a home-grown source of protein and more forage intake with a high protein content leads to greater live weight gain and milk yields. Fixes nitrogen and when grown in forage leys offers a cheap alternative to nitrogen fertiliser. It also provides a very good soil improving break crop in arable rotations, with a particularly strong tap root for improving soil structure.

Frost Tolerance

The plant overwinters as crowns. This structure should be tolerant of all but the most severe frosts.

Yield

5 - 6t DM per ha.

Sowing Rate Advice

6kg per acre - 15kg per ha.

Clover seed is small and should be broadcast or drilled a shallow depth (not more than 10mm). Sowing too deep will reduce the germination dramatically. The soil should be rolled after sowing to increase soil moisture contact with the seed.

Mixture Sowing Rate Advice

3kg per acre - 7.5kg per ha.

Sowing at these rates in a mixture with aggressive ryegrass will equate to approximately 50/50 grass and clover plants in the sward, ideal for a high protein silage mixture.

Ideal Sowing Time

March-May is the ideal time for sowing in the spring. It will germinate in the summer only if there is sufficient moisture in the soil. Mid to late August is the best time for an autumn sowing. Establishment is less likely to be reliable if sowing extends too far into September.

Management

Red clover should be cut regularly when it reaches a height of 30cm. The first cut may be before this if there is a severe weed problem. On a dry sandy soil, it may only need cutting twice in the season. Conversely on a fertile soil in a warm wet summer, it may need cutting as frequently as once every ten days. Red clover is more susceptible than other species to the soil borne disease Sclerotinia trifolium and the stem nematode, Ditylenchus dipsaci, responsible for the widespread clover sickness in the 1970s and 80s. For this reason, there should be a four year gap between the red clover crops. Other fertility building crops such as white clover can be used as an alternative. Although not the most rapid to establish, red clover generally competes will against weeds. Once established, it produces large amounts of biomass that smother weeds. It also grows back rapidly after cutting, which is important in out-competing weeds.

Distinguishing characteristics

Seed
This is a rounded, kidney shaped seed. It varies in colour from dark brown to yellowish, green. It is dull in colour with a smooth texture and is approximately 2-3mm in length. It is a larger seed than white clover.

Seedling
The seedling develops two oblong cotyledons, on short, stout stalks. The cotyledons are nearly as wide as they are long and the first true leaf is situated on a stipule with a minute hairy covering.

Flowering Plant
A green to dark green legume. The trifoliate shaped leaves are on short stalks, each leaflet has its own very short petiole. Each of the leaflets are oval in shape, with a pale almost inverted crescent on the upper surface. The margin of the leaf is not toothed, unlike other clovers. The plant may be hairy, or now and again non hairy. The stems are hollow in their structure. The inflorescence can vary in colour from red to pink and very occasionally white. The root has a pronounced, strong taproot, with finer lateral branches on either side, the aerial part of the plant grows from a crown slightly above the soil surface.

Additional Info

Average number of seeds per kg 550 000. Average protein content 19%. Bloat can be an issue if grazing red clover swards, especially in cattle. The high oestrogen content of the plant can cause issues when fed to breeding stock during tupping or serving. Pure stands of red clover can yield approximately a third less than a grass and clover mixture.

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