Blood behaves not unlike spilled water droplets, and the speed at which the droplets travel when they strike a surface — known to analysts as a target — affects their shape. This speed, combined with angle and surface characteristics, also determines how far blood droplets skip or bounce after meeting a barrier. Show One pattern of slow-moving blood, called "drips," occurs after an injury, and has a relatively large footprint of 0.16 inches (4 millimeters) or more. Drips, which result from blood dripping onto blood, can fall from a bleeding nose or wound, or a motionless, bloodied weapon or object. A moving object produces what's known as a cast-off pattern. Other low-velocity patterns include blood pooling around a victim's body and impressions left by bloody objects. This latter phenomenon, called a transfer, sometimes retains the shape of the object that made it [source: Wonder]. Advertisement At the other end of the scale are the tiny droplets caused by blood traveling at high speeds. These are usually caused by gunshot wounds, but they can also result from explosions, power tools or high-speed machinery. These fast-moving drops leave stains measuring less than 0.04 inches (1 millimeter) across. Bullet wounds can produce both back and front spatters. Back spatter, or blowback, refers to blood exiting the entrance wound in the direction opposite the impact [source: Dutelle]. Actually, thanks to Newton's Third Law of Motion, back spatter can result from other impacts and traumas as well. Investigators dealing with such small drops must rule out other sources of blood spray, such as respiration or pinhole arterial pressure [source: Wonder]. Forward spatter, in the direction of the impact, occurs only in the case of an exit wound [source: Dutelle]. Between these extremes lies a range of medium-sized droplets. Typically measuring 0.04 to 0.16 inches (1 to 4 millimeters), they can be caused by a blunt object such as a bat or a fist, or can result from stabbing, cast-offs or even bloody coughs [sources: Dutelle, Wonder]. Several factors complicate their analysis. For example, during a beating or stabbing, arterial damage can cause the subject to bleed faster or to spurt blood, the latter creating what's known as a projected pattern [source: Dutelle]. In addition to spatters, analysts look for voids, aka blockages. In the case of a high-density spatter, these gaps in the pattern indicate that something in the way, potentially the assailant, caught some of the victim's blowback. Drop size is only one aspect used in analyzing blood spatters. Next, we'll look at the shapes of spatters and how analysts use strings, trigonometric functions and computer programs to map out a blood-spattered crime scene. The Way of the Gun In close-range gunshot, hot gunpowder exiting the gun barrel can bruise, burn or penetrate the skin in a powder-stippling pattern, which analysts can use to estimate distance [source: Hueske]. Back spatter can cause external and internal muzzle staining, but in unusual cases the internal stain can also result from the cooling of explosive gases released by the gunshot, which suck the victim's blood into the gun's muzzle [source: Evans]. Often found at the scenes of violent crimes, the analysis of bloodstains can provide vital clues as to the occurrence of events. Though bloodstain pattern analysis (BPA) can be a subjective area of study at times and often reliant on the experience of the investigator, the idea that blood will obey certain laws of physics enables the examination of blood at an incident scene and on items of evidence to offer at least an insight into what was likely to have occurred. The successful interpretation of bloodstain patterns may provide clues as to the nature of the offence, the possible sequence of events, any disturbance to the scene that may have occurred, and even the position of individuals and objects during the incident. It may prove beneficial in refuting or corroborating eyewitness accounts. Types Single Drop Impact Spatter Cast-Off Stain Transfer Bloodstains Projected Pattern/Arterial Damage Stain Pool Stains Insect Stains Expiration Stains Examination of Bloodstain Patterns Bloodstains at an incident scene may not always be visible to the naked eye, either due to low amounts of blood present or an individual cleaning in attempts to remove signs of bloodshed. Despite the use of cleaning reagents or even attempting to cover the stains with paint, detectable traces will generally remain, which can be visualised using various chemicals or specialised light. Although blood will not fluoresce under UV light like some bodily fluids, it will significantly darken, thus enhancing its visibility. Furthermore, certain chemical reagents can be used to visualise latent bloodstains. These tests, such as luminol and phenolphthalein, generally work by reacting with a constituent of blood to produce some kind of chemiluminescence. However it should always be remembered that these chemical reagent tests are often presumptive, meaning that they can only indicate that the stain is possibly blood. In reality, other substances may react with the reagent in the same way. A lack of a bloodstain can be just as revealing. The absence of blood in a continuous bloodstain is known as a void, and may suggest that something or someone was present in that area when the bloodstain was caused. This could indicate an object present at the time of the incident has been removed from the scene, or an individual (or even multiple individuals) were present in specific locations when blood was shed. It can easily be incorrectly assumed that blood found at an incident scene belongs to a victim, however it must be taken into account that some bloodstains may have resulted from the perpetrator being injured at some point. Either way, the information available from the presence of bloodstains is not limited to bloodstain pattern analysis, but also DNA analysis. See the DNA analysis page for more information. Point of Origin – Directionality and Angle of Impact Although it may be possible to estimate area of origin purely through visual observation of bloodstain patterns, in some instances trigonometry may be utilised to determine a more precise point of origin. Depending on the type of bloodstain pattern, it may be possible to establish the angle at which a blood droplet hit a target, referred to as the angle of impact. By measuring the ratio of the width of the bloodstain to the length, it can be possible to calculate the angle of impact. If the angle of impact of multiple bloodstains is established, it may be possible to determine the area of convergence (the point where lines of travel from multiple stains meet) through stringing techniques and establish the area of origin. Documentation and Collection Jackson, A. R. W, Jackson, J. M., 2011. Forensic Science. Essex: Pearson Education Limited. Scientific Working Group on Bloodstain Pattern Analysis. [online] Available at: [http://www.swgstain.org] White, P. C., 2004. Crime Scene to Court: The Essentials of Forensic Science. Cambridge: The Royal Society of Chemistry. How can you determine the direction of travel of blood droplets?The direction of blood droplets can be determined from the shape that it forms when they hit the flat surface. The tail of the elongated drop points to the travel direction.
How can you determine the origin of a blood droplet?The location of the blood source can be determined by drawing lines from the various blood droplets to the point where they intersect. The area of convergence is the point of origin—the spot where the “blow” occurred. It may be established at the scene by measurement of angles with the use of strings.
What component of the blood spatter indicates the direction of spray?What component of the blood spatter indicates the direction of spray? The head of the bloodstain.
What is the one thing that the shape of the blood drops tells the investigators?Shapely Drops The shape of a blood drop can indicate the distance from which the blood fell and the angle of its impact. However, very few studies have been done on the patterns produced when blood impacts a surface.
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