Which of the following initiates inspiration

When we breathe, the respiratory system takes in oxygen and sends out carbon dioxide. The cells in our bodies need fresh oxygen to stay alive. As cells do their jobs, they make and give off carbon dioxide. This exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide is called respiration.

What Are the Parts of the Respiratory System?

The respiratory system includes the nose, mouth, throat, voice box, windpipe, lungs, and diaphragm.

How Does Breathing Happen?

The diaphragm (DYE-uh-fram) is a muscle between the chest and the abdomen that allows the body to move air in and out of the respiratory system. When you breathe in (inhalation), the diaphragm moves down toward the abdomen, and the rib muscles pull the ribs upward and outward. This makes the chest cavity bigger and pulls air through the nose or mouth into the lungs.

When you breathe out (exhalation), the diaphragm moves up and the chest wall muscles relax, causing the chest cavity to get smaller and push air out of the respiratory system through the nose or mouth.

Where Does Air Go?

Air enters the respiratory system through the nose or the mouth, then travels down a pathway to the lungs. In the nostrils, air gets warmed and moistened. Tiny hairs in the nose called cilia (SIL-ee-uh) filter out dust and other particles.

The nasal cavity and mouth join at the area in the back of the throat called the pharynx (FAR-inks). The pharynx is part of two body systems (the respiratory system and the digestive system) because it carries both air and food.

At the bottom of the pharynx, two pipes split off — one for air and one for food. One pipe, the larynx, is for air only. It’s also called the voice box because it contains a pair of vocal cords that vibrate to make sounds when you talk. (The other pipe is called the esophagus and is the pathway that brings food to the stomach.) A small flap of tissue called the epiglottis (eh-pih-GLAH-tus) protects the larynx. When we swallow, the epiglottis covers the larynx to prevent food and liquid from going into the lungs.

The trachea (windpipe) is the part of the airway that continues below the larynx (LAIR-inks). The walls of the trachea (TRAY-kee-uh) have stiff rings of to keep it open. The trachea is also lined with cilia, which sweep fluids and foreign particles out of the airway to keep them out of the lungs.

Further down, the trachea divides into two tubes (left and right) called bronchi (BRAHN-kye). The bronchi connect the trachea to the lungs.

What Happens at the Lungs?

The bronchi branch off into smaller bronchi and even smaller tubes called bronchioles (BRAHN-kee-olz). At the end of each bronchiole are tiny air sacs called alveoli. This is the place where the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide actually happens. Each person has hundreds of millions of alveoli in their lungs. This network of alveoli, bronchioles, and bronchi is known as the bronchial tree.

The lungs contain elastic tissue so they can inflate and deflate easily. They're covered by a thin lining called the pleura (PLUR-uh). The thorax (THOR-aks) is the airtight box that houses the bronchial tree, lungs, heart, and other structures. The top and sides of the thorax are formed by the ribs and muscles. These chest walls form a protective cage around the organs in the chest cavity. The bottom of the chest cavity is formed by the diaphragm.

How Does Oxygen Get From the Lungs to the Cells?

Every few seconds, with each inhalation, air fills a large portion of the millions of alveoli. Oxygen moves from the alveoli to the blood through the capillaries (tiny blood vessels) lining the alveolar walls. This process is called diffusion. In the bloodstream, oxygen gets picked up by the in red blood cells. This oxygen-rich blood then goes to the heart, which pumps it to the body. In tiny capillaries throughout the body, oxygen leaves the hemoglobin and moves into the cells.

How Does Carbon Dioxide Get From the Cells to the Lungs?

As cells do their work, they make carbon dioxide. The carbon dioxide moves out of the cells into the capillaries and bloodstream. Blood rich in carbon dioxide travels to the heart, which pumps it to the lungs. Carbon dioxide goes from the capillaries around the alveoli into the alveoli. Then carbon dioxide goes up the bronchioles to the bronchi, and then to the trachea to be exhaled.

The indentation on the medial surface of each lung through which pulmonary and systemic blood vessels, bronchi, lymphatic vessels, and nerves enter and leave is called the ___________.

hilum

4

In which region are the palatine tonsils found?

oropharynx

5

Which of the following is NOT a function of the nasal conchae?

routing air and food into proper channels

6

What part of the larynx covers the laryngeal inlet during swallowing to keep food out of the lower respiratory passages?

epiglottis

7

During the Valsalva's maneuver, what part of the larynx closes to increase intra-abdominal pressure, such as to help with defecation?

glottis

8

Which cartilage belonging to the larynx anchors the vocal cords?

arytenoid cartilages

9

Which of the following is NOT a function of the larynx?

serving as part of the respiratory zone

10

Since mucus-producing cells and cilia are sparse in the bronchioles and alveoli, how does the body remove microorganisms that make their way into the respiratory zone?

alveolar macrophages crawl freely along internal alveolar surfaces

11

What type of epithelial tissue forms the walls of the alveoli?

simple squamous epithelium

12

Where does gas exchange occur in the respiratory system?

alveoli

13

Which of the following pressures rises and falls with the phases of breathing, but eventually equalizes with the atmospheric pressure?

intrapulmonary pressure

14

Which of the following pressures must remain negative to prevent lung collapse?

intrapleural pressure

15

Calculate the transpulmonary pressure if atmospheric pressure is 755 mm Hg.

4 mm Hg

16

Which of the following gives the relationship between the pressure and volume of a gas?

Boyle's law

17

Which of the following pressure relationships best illustrates when inspiration will occur?

Ppul < Patm

18

Which muscles are activated during normal quiet inspiration?

diaphragm and external intercostal muscles

19

What is the volume of the total amount of exchangeable air for a healthy, young adult male?

4800 ml

20

Which volumes are combined to provide the inspiratory capacity?

tidal volume (TV) + inspiratory reserve volume (IRV)

21

What is the tidal volume of an average adult male?

500 ml

22

Oxygen is unloaded where it is most needed when blood pH drops, this is a phenomenon known as ___________.

Which of the following leads to inspiration?

Which of the following generates the signal that initiates inspiration?

Which part initiates breathing?

Which of the following is a part of inspiration?