In general, for the main group elements of the periodic table: top to bottom Note trends for ionic radii:
Please do not block ads on this website. Trends in Atomic Radius in Groups of the Periodic TableAs you go down a Group in the Periodic Table from top to bottom, the number of energy levels or electron shells increases so the atomic radius of the elements increases. Compare the number of occupied energy levels (electron shells) and the radius of the atom of elements in Group 1 and in Group 17 as given in each section below: (A) Trends in the Atomic Radius of Group 1 (IA, Alkali Metals) ElementsUse the data in the table below for Group 1 elements to look for a pattern (or trend) in
As you go down Group 1:
Atomic radius increases as you go down the Group 1 elements from top to bottom as an additional energy level (electron shell) is being added to each successive element. (B) Trends in the Atomic Radius of Group 17 (VIIA, Halogens) ElementsUse the data in the table below for Group 17 elements to look for a pattern (or trend) in
As you go down Group 17:
Atomic radius increases as you go down the Group 17 elements from top to bottom as an additional energy level (electron shell) is being added to each successive element.
Do you know this? Join AUS-e-TUTE! Play the game now! In general, the atomic radius of elements decreases as you go across a Period from left to right. As we go across a Period from left to right, electrons are being added to the same energy level, the valence shell. In the sections below we will consider the trends in the atomic radius of period 2 elements, and, of period 3 elements. (A) Trends in the Atomic Radius of Elements in Period 2Use the data given in the table below to find patterns (trends) in
Can you see these patterns (trends):
Atomic radius generally decreases across Period 2 from left to right as the nuclear charge increases. (B) Trends in the Atomic Radius of Elements in Period 3Use the data given in the table below to find patterns (trends) in
Can you see these patterns (trends):
Atomic radius generally decreases across Period 3 from left to right as the nuclear charge increases.
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Let's compare the radius of some elements' atoms with their respective ions. Group 1 elements form cations with a charge of +1 Group 17 elements form anions with a charge of -1 (A) Comparison of Atomic and Ionic Radius of Group 1 (IA, alkali metals) Elements Atoms of group 1 elements (M) lose 1 electron (e-) from their valence shell of electrons to form a cation with a charge of +1 (M+)
We can write a specific equation to represent the formation of each cation of each group 1 element as shown below:
Consider the data in the table below. Can you see any patterns (or trends) in the data? Compare each atom and its respective cation with regards to:
Did you notice that:
As you go down the group from top to bottom, the ionic radius of each cation increases, just as it does for the radius of each atom because an energy level (electron shell) is being added to each successive atom (or ion). However, if an electron is removed from a Group 1 atom it is removed from the highest energy level (valence shell), so this effectively reduces the number of occupied energy levels (or electron shells). (B) Comparison of Atomic and Ionic Radius of Group 17 (VIIA, halogen) Elements 1 electron (e-) can be added to the valence shell of the atoms of group 17 elements to form an anion with a charge of -1 (X-)
We can write a specific equation to represent the formation of each anion of each group 17 element as shown below:
Consider the data in the table below. Can you see any patterns (or trends) in the data? Compare each atom and its respective anion with regards to:
Did you notice that:
Ionic radius increases as you go down the Group 17 elements from top to bottom as an additional energy level (electron shell) is being added to each successive element, just as it is for the neutral atom. But what causes the radius to expand when an electron is added to the valence shell of the original atom? The charge on the nucleus of the atom caused by the number of positively charged protons in the nucleus does not change when an electron is added to an electron shell. But the number of negatively charged electrons in that electron shell does change! And it means that there is a greater repulsion between all the electrons. The effect of this repulsion between electrons is to increase the radius of the anion compared to the neutral atom.
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Can you apply this? Join AUS-e-TUTE! Take the exam now! Footnotes
1. The values for atomic radii provided here are approximations derived from interatomic-distance measurements. 2. We will be excluding transition metals, lanthanoids (lanthanides) and actinoids (actinides) from the disucssion 3. Common units for the reporting of atomic radii are the picometre (as used here), the nanometre, and the angstrom. 134 pm = 134 × 10-12 m = 0.134 × 10-9 m = 0.134 nm 134 pm = 134 × 10-12 m = 1.34 × 10-10 m = 1.34 Å 4. Ionic radius based on a coordination number of 6 |