What foods are high in glutamine

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Baseline characteristics of participants in NHS and HPFS

Quintiles of glutamine-to-glutamate ratio
NHSHPFS
135135
Glutamine-to-glutamate ratio0.8 (0.1)1.0 (0.0)1.3 (0.2)0.8 (0.1)1.0 (0.0)1.3 (0.2)
Glutamine, g/day6.2 (1.1)6.4 (1.0)6.7 (1.0)7.5 (1.2)8.0 (1.1)8.7 (1.5)
Glutamate, g/day8.0 (1.6)6.5 (1.0)5.3 (0.9)9.6 (1.7)8.0 (1.2)6.6 (1.2)
Age, yearsa50.7 (7.0)50.0 (7.2)50.0 (7.4)54.1 (9.4)52.8 (9.5)52.5 (9.6)
BMI, kg/m225.3 (4.8)24.9 (4.7)24.6 (4.6)26.0 (3.5)25.3 (3.1)24.8 (3.1)
Alcohol, g/day7.8 (12.2)6.6 (10.6)5.8 (10.6)11.7 (15.5)10.8 (14.2)10.6 (15.7)
Physical activity, h/week3.2 (2.2)3.1 (2.1)2.9 (2.1)2.7 (4.3)2.8 (4.0)3.0 (4.5)
Past smoker33.131.729.142.439.338.5
Current smoker25.822.623.511.98.67.2
Multivitamin use, %38.936.734.861.763.663.8
Aspirin use, %70.672.270.227.326.825.4
Family history of myocardial infarction, %26.124.824.332.131.731.6
Family history of cancer, %13.714.514.933.735.034.3
History of hypertension, %23.221.418.922.619.117.6
History of hypercholesterolaemia, %8.47.57.711.010.710.7
History of diabetes, %3.42.72.43.22.21.6
White, %96.898.598.794.296.296.6
Total energy intake, kcal/day1729.0 (536.0)1764.9 (527.9)1718.5 (533.0)1930.3 (568.8)1981.6 (563.4)1936.6 (563.8)
Protein intake, g/day79.9 (13.3)69.0 (9.5)60.4 (9.2)102.7 (16.8)89.7 (12.5)79.2 (12.5)
Red meat intake, serving/d1.3 (0.8)1.1 (0.6)0.9 (0.5)1.3 (0.9)1.1 (0.7)0.8 (0.6)
Fruit intake, serving/day1.5 (1.2)1.4 (1.0)1.2 (1.0)1.6 (1.3)1.6 (1.2)1.6 (1.3)
Vegetable intake, serving/day3.2 (1.8)2.7 (1.5)2.4 (1.3)3.2 (1.9)2.9 (1.6)2.7 (1.7)
Whole grain intake, g/day10.5 (10.0)14.7 (12.6)19.0 (17.6)15.5 (14.7)22.7 (17.6)31.8 (27.2)
Dietary fiber intake, g/day15.9 (5.0)16.4 (4.7)16.9 (5.1)19.6 (6.7)21.1 (6.7)23.1 (8.1)
Alternate Healthy Eating Index score44.2 (10.5)41.8 (10.0)41.1 (10.0)47.2 (10.8)46.5 (10.7)46.4 (11.1)