What is the best illustration of the long-term effects of america’s use of the atomic bomb in japan?

1. Hiroshima and Nagasaki: The Physical, Medical, and Social Effects of the Atomic Bombings. New York: Basic Books; 1981. The Committee for the Compilation of Materials on Damage Caused by the Atomic Bombs in Hiroshima and Nagasaki. [Google Scholar]

2. Shirabe R. In: Statistical Observations of Atomic Bomb Casualties in Nagasaki. Shibata Y, editor. Nagasaki, Japan: Showado Inc; 2006. [Google Scholar]

3. Yasuyama K. In: Collection of Memoirs of the Atomic Bombardment of Nagasaki 1945–55. Yamashita S, editor. Nagasaki, Japan: Heiwadou Offset; 2005. [Google Scholar]

4. Beebe FW. Reflections on the work of the atomic bomb casualty commission in Japan. Epidemiol Rev. 1979;1:184–210. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

5. Neel JV, Schull WJ. The Effect of Exposure to the Atomic Bombs on Pregnancy Termination in Hiroshima and Nagasaki. Washington, DC: National Academy of Sciences/National Research Council; 1956. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

6. Francis TJ, Jablon S, Moore FE. Report of an Ad Hoc Committee for Appraisal of the ABCC Program 1955. Hiroshima, Japan: Atomic Bomb Casualty Commission; 1959. [Google Scholar]

7. Beebe G, Usagawa M. The Major ABCC Samples. Hiroshima, Japan: Atomic Bomb Casualty Commission; 1968. [Google Scholar]

8. Pierce DA, Shimizu Y, Preston DL, Vaeth M, Mabuchi K. Studies of the mortality of atomic bomb survivors. Report 12, Part I. Cancer: 1950– 1990. Radiat Res. 1996;146(1):1–27. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

9. Mabuchi K, Soda M, Ron E, et al. Cancer incidence in atomic bomb survivors. Part I: Use of the tumor registries in Hiroshima and Nagasaki for incidence studies. Radiat Res. 1994;137(2) Suppl:S1–S16. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

10. Thompson DE, Mabuchi K, Ron E, et al. Cancer incidence in atomic bomb survivors. Part II: Solid tumors, 1958–1987. Radiat Res. 1994;137(2) Suppl:S17–S67. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

11. Lindee MS. Suffering Made Real: American Science and the Survivors at Hiroshima. Chicago: University of Chicago Press; 1994. [Google Scholar]

12. Schull WJ. Effects of Atomic Radiation: A Half-century of Studies from Hiroshima and Nagasaki. New York: Wiley-Liss; 1995. [Google Scholar]

13. Reassessment of the Atomic Bomb Radiation Dosimetry forHiroshima and Nagasaki—Dosimetry System 2002. Hiroshima, Japan: Radiation Effects Research Foundation; 2005. [Google Scholar]

14. Reassessment of the Atomic Bomb Radiation Dosimetry forHiroshima and Nagasaki—Dosimetry System 1986. Final Report. Hiroshima, Japan: Radiation Effects Research Foundation; 1987. [Google Scholar]

15. Cullings HM, Fujita S, Funamoto S, Grant EJ, Kerr GD, Preston DL. Dose estimation for atomic bomb survivor studies: its evolution and present status. Radiat Res. 2006;166:219–254. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

16. Status of the Dosimetry for the Radiation Effects Research Foundation (DS86) Washington, DC: National Academy Press; 2001. National Research Council, Committee on Dosimetry for the Radiation Effects Research Foundation. [Google Scholar]

17. Eden L. Whole World on Fire: Organizations, Knowledge, and Nuclear Weapons Devastation. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press; 2003. [Google Scholar]

18. Glasstone S, Dolan PJ, editors. The Effects of Nuclear Weapons. 3rd ed. Washington, DC: US Government Printing Office; 1977. [Google Scholar]

19. Solomon F, Marston RQ, editors. The Medical Implications of Nuclear War. Washington, DC: National Academy Press; 1986. [Google Scholar]

20. Pierce DA, Stram DO, Vaeth M. Allowing for random errors in radiation dose estimates for the atomic bomb survivor data. Radiat Res. 1990;123(3):275–284. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

21. Kodama Y, Pawel DJ, Nakamura N, et al. Stable chromosome aberrations in atomic bomb survivors: results from 25 years of investigation. Radiat Res. 2001;156(4):337–346. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

22. Nakamura N, Miyazawa C, Sawada S, Akiyama M, Awa AA. A close correlation between electron spin resonance (ESR) dosimetry from tooth enamel and cytogenetic dosimetry from lymphocytes of Hiroshima atomicbomb survivors. Int J Radiat Biol. 1998;73(6):619–627. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

23. Mabuchi K, Fujiwara S, Preston DL, et al. Atomic-bomb survivors: longterm health effects of radiation. In: Shrieve DC, Loeffler JS, editors. Human Radiation Injury. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2011. pp. 89–113. [Google Scholar]

24. Preston DL, Ron E, Tokuoka S, et al. Solid cancer incidence in atomic bomb survivors: 1958–1998. Radiat Res. 2007;168(1):1–64. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

25. Finch SC, Hrubec Z, Nefzger MD. Detection of Leukemia and Related Disorders. Hiroshima and Nagasaki Research Plan. Hiroshima, Japan: Atomic Bomb Casualty Commission; 1965. [Google Scholar]

26. Furukawa K, Cologne JB, Shimizu Y, Ross NP. Predicting future excess events in risk assessment. Risk Anal. 2009;29(6):885–899. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

27. Preston DL, Pierce DA, Shimizu Y, et al. Effect of recent changes in atomic bomb survivor dosimetry on cancer mortality risk estimates. Radiat Res. 2004;162(4):377–389. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

28. Richardson D, Sugiyama H, Nishi N, et al. Ionizing radiation and leukemia mortality among Japanese Atomic Bomb Survivors, 1950–2000. Radiat Res. 2009;172(3):368–382. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

29. Iwanaga M, Hsu W-L, Soda M, et al. Risk of myelodysplastic syndromes in people exposed to ionizing radiation: a retrospective cohort study of nagasaki atomic bomb survivors. J Clin Oncol. 2011;29(4):428–434. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

30. Preston DL, Shimizu Y, Pierce DA, SuyamaA,Mabuchi K. Studies of mortality of atomic bomb survivors. Report 13: Solid cancer and noncancer disease mortality: 1950–1997. Radiat Res. 2003;160(4):381–407. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

31. Health Risks from Exposure to Low Levels of Ionizing Radiation: BEIR VII Phase 2. Washington, DC: National Research Council; 2005. National Research Council, Committee to Assess Health Risks from Exposure to Low Levels of Ionizing Radiation. [Google Scholar]

32. Effects of Ionizing Radiation. UNSCEAR 2006 Report. Report to the General Assembly with Scientific Annexes A and B. New York: United Nations Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation; 2008. United Nations Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation. [Google Scholar]

33. ICRP Publication 103: The 2007 Recommendations of the International Commission on Radiological Protection. Oxford, UK: Elsevier; 2007. International Commission on Radiological Protection. [Google Scholar]

34. Suzuki G, Cullings H, Fujiwara S, et al. Low-positive antibody titer against Helicobacter pylori cytotoxin-associated gene A (CagA) may predict future gastric cancer better than simple seropositivity against H. pylori CagA or against H. pylori. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2007;16(6):1224–1228. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

35. Sauvaget C, Lagarde F, Nagano J, Soda M, Koyama K, Kodama K. Lifestyle factors, radiation and gastric cancer in atomic-bomb survivors (Japan) Cancer Causes Control. 2005;16(7):773–780. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

36. Cogan DG, Martin SF, Kimura SJ. Atom bomb cataracts. Science. 1949;110(2868):654. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

37. Miller RJ, Fujino T, Nefzger MD. Lens findings in Atomic bomb survivors. A review of major ophthalmic surveys at the atomic Bomb Casualty Commission (1949–1962) Arch Ophthalmol. 1967;78(6):697–704. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

38. Choshi K, Takaku I, Mishima H, et al. Ophthalmologic changes related to radiation exposure and age in adult health study sample, Hiroshima and Nagasaki. Radiat Res. 1983;96(3):560–579. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

39. Otake M, Neriishi K, Schull WJ. Cataract in atomic bomb survivors based on a threshold model and the occurrence of severe epilation. Radiat Res. 1996;146(3):339–348. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

40. 1990 Recommendations of the International Commission on Radiological Protection. Oxford, UK: Pergamon Press; 1990. International Commission on Radiological Protection. [Google Scholar]

41. Limitations of Exposure to Ionizing Radiation. Report 116. Bethesda, MD: National Council on Radiation Protection and Measurements; 1993. National Council on Radiation Protection and Measurements. [Google Scholar]

42. Neriishi K, Nakashima E, Minamoto A, et al. Postoperative cataract cases among atomic bomb survivors: radiation dose response and threshold. Radiat Res. 2007;168(4):404–408. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

43. Imaizumi M, Usa T, Tominaga T, et al. Radiation dose-response relationships for thyroid nodules and autoimmune thyroid diseases in Hiroshima and Nagasaki atomic bomb survivors 55–58 years after radiation exposure. JAMA. 2006;295(9):1011–1022. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

44. Shimizu Y, Kato H, Schull WJ, Hoel DG. Studies of the mortality of Abomb survivors. 9. Mortality, 1950–1985: Part 3. Noncancer mortality based on the revised doses (DS86) Radiat Res. 1992;130(2):249–266. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

45. Shimizu Y, Pierce DA, Preston DL, Mabuchi K. Studies of the mortality of atomic bomb survivors. Report 12, part II. Noncancer mortality: 1950–1990. Radiat Res. 1999;152(4):374–389. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

46. Wong FL, Yamada M, Sasaki H, et al. Noncancer disease incidence in the atomic bomb survivors: 1958–1986. Radiat Res. 1993;135(3):418–430. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

47. Yamada M, Wong FL, Fujiwara S, Akahoshi M, Suzuki G. Noncancer disease incidence in atomic bomb survivors, 1958–1998. Radiat Res. 2004;161(6):622–632. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

48. Shimizu Y, Kodama K, Nishi N, et al. Radiation exposure and circulatory disease risk: Hiroshima and Nagasaki atomic bomb survivor data, 1950–2003. BMJ. 2010 Jan 14;340:b5349. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

49. Sasaki H, Wong FL, Yamada M, Kodama K. The effects of aging and radiation exposure on blood pressure levels of atomic bomb survivors. J Clin Epidemiol. 2002;55(10):974–981. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

50. Wong FL, Yamada M, Sasaki H, Kodama K, Hosoda Y. Effects of radiation on the longitudinal trends of total serum cholesterol levels in the atomic bomb survivors. Radiat Res. 1999;151(6):736–746. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

51. Akahoshi M, Amasaki Y, Soda M, et al. Effects of radiation on fatty liver and metabolic coronary risk factors among atomic bomb survivors in Nagasaki. Hypertens Res. 2003;26(12):965–970. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

52. Neriishi K, Matuso N, Ishimaru T, et al. Relationship between radiation exposure and serum protein alpha and beta globulin fractions. Nagasaki Med J. 1986;61:449–454. [Google Scholar]

53. Sawada H, Kodama K, Shimizu Y, et al. Adult Health Study Report 6. Results of Six Examination Cycles, 1968–1980. Hiroshima and Nagasaki: Radiation Effects Research Foundation; 1986. [Google Scholar]

54. Neriishi K, Nakashima E, Delongchamp RR. Persistent subclinical inflammation among A-bomb survivors. Int J Radiat Biol. 2001;77(4):475–482. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

55. Hayashi T, Kusunoki Y, Hakoda M, et al. Radiation dose-dependent increases in inflammatory response markers in A-bomb survivors. Int J Radiat Biol. 2003;79(2):129–136. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

56. Lifton RJ. Death in Life—Survivors of Hiroshima. New York: Random House; 1967. [Google Scholar]

57. Yamada M, Izumi S. Psychiatric sequelae in atomic bomb survivors in Hiroshima and Nagasaki two decades after the explosions. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol. 2002;37(9):409–415. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

58. Cologne JB, Preston DL. Longevity of atomic-bomb survivors. Lancet. 2000;356(9226):303–307. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

59. Kusunoki Y, Yamaoka M, Kubo Y, et al. T-cell immunosenescence and inflammatory response in atomic bomb survivors. Radiat Res. 2010;174(6):870–876. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

60. Kusunoki Y, Hirai Y, Hakoda M, Kyoizumi S. Uneven distributions of naïve and memory T cells in the CD4 and CD8 T-cell populations derived from a single stem cell in an atomic bomb survivor: implications for the origins of the memory T-cell pools in adulthood. Radiat Res. 2002;157(5):493–499. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

61. Kusunoki Y, Hayashi T. Long-lasting alterations of the immune system by ionizing radiation exposure: implications for disease development among atomic bomb survivors. Int J Radiat Biol. 2008;84(1):1–14. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

62. Delongchamp RR, Mabuchi K, Yoshimoto Y, Preston DL. Cancer mortality among atomic bomb survivors exposed in utero or as young children, October 1950–May 1992. Radiat Res. 1997;147(3):385–395. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

63. Preston DL, Cullings H, Suyama A, et al. Solid cancer incidence in atomic bomb survivors exposed in utero or as young children. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2008;100(6):428–436. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

64. Jablon S, Kato H. Childhood cancer in relation to prenatal exposure to atomic-bomb radiation. Lancet. 1970;2(7681):1000–1003. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

65. Otake M, Schull WJ. In utero exposure to A-bomb radiation and mental retardation a reassessment. Br J Radiol. 1984;57(677):409–414. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

66. Otake M, Schull WJ, Lee S. Threshold for radiation-related severe mental retardation in prenatally exposed A-bomb survivors: a re-analysis. Int J Radiat Biol. 1996;70(6):755–763. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

67. Schull WJ, Nishitani H, Hasuo K, et al. RERF Technical Report 13–91. Hiroshima, Japan: Radiation Effects Research Foundation; 1991. Brain Abnormalities Among the Mentally Retarded Prenatally Exposed Atomic Bomb Survivors. [Google Scholar]

68. International Commission on Radiological Protection. Biological effects after prenatal irradiation (embryo and fetus). Publication 90. Ann ICRP. 2003;33:1–200. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

69. Schull WJ, Norton S, Jensh RP. Ionizing radiation and the developing brain. Neurotoxicol Teratol. 1990;12(3):249–260. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

70. Dunn K, Yoshimaru H, Otake M, Annegers JF, Schull WJ. Prenatal exposure to ionizing radiation and subsequent development of seizures. Am J Epidemiol. 1990;131(1):114–123. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

71. The Children of Atomic Bomb Survivors. A Genetic Study. Washington, DC: National Academy Press; 1991. National Academy of Sciences. [Google Scholar]

72. Awa AA, Bloom AD, Yoshida MC, Meriishi S, Archer PG. Cytogenetic study of the offspring of atom bomb survivors. Nature. 1968;218(5139):367–368. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

73. Neel JV, Satoh C, Goriki K, et al. Search for mutations altering protein charge and/or function in children of atomic bomb survivors: final report. Am J Hum Genet. 1988;42(5):663–676. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

74. Nakamura N. Genetic effects of radiation in atomic-bomb survivors and their children: past, present and future. J Radiat Res (Tokyo) 2006;47(Suppl B):B67–B73. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

75. Kato H, Schull WJ, Neel JV. A cohort-type study of survival in the children of parents exposed to atomic bombings. Am J Hum Genet. 1966;18(4):339–373. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

76. Yoshimoto Y, Neel JV, Schull WJ, et al. Malignant tumors during the first-2 decades of life in the offspring of atomic bomb survivors. Am J Hum Genet. 1990;46(6):1041–1052. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

77. Izumi S, Koyama K, Soda M, Suyama A. Cancer incidence in children and young adults did not increase relative to parental exposure to atomic bombs. Br J Cancer. 2003;89(9):1709–1713. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

78. Izumi S, Suyama A, Koyama K. Radiation-related mortality among offspring of atomic bomb survivors: a half-century of follow-up. Int J Cancer. 2003;107(2):292–297. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

79. Fujiwara S, Suyama A, Cologne JB, et al. Prevalence of adult-onset multifactorial disease among offspring of atomic bomb survivors. Radiat Res. 2008;170(4):451–457. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]


Page 2

Atomic Bomb Casualty Commission/Radiation Effects Research Foundation Study Cohorts

Modified from Human Radiation Injury.23

CohortSubjectsFollow-up Activities
(Calendar Years)
Life Span Study120 321, including proximally and distally exposed A-bomb survivors and 26 580 nonexposed city residents not in the city at the time of the bombingsMortality (1950-) Cancer incidence (1958-) Autopsy program (1950s–1985) Mail surveys (1965, 1969, 1979, 1991, 2008)
Adult Health StudyA subset of 19 961 LSS subjects, including a core of 4993 proximally exposed survivors and subjects with lesser exposuresBiennial clinical examinations (1958-): ad hoc cancer screening thyroid examinations, bone density examinations, ophthalmologic examinations
In Utero3289 who were in utero at the time of bombingsMortality (1945-)
Adult Health Study in utero1568 (subset of the in Utero)Biennial clinical examinations (1958-): mental retardation, IQ, school performance
F176 814, including born to parents, at least 1 of whom were proximally exposed, born to parents, at least 1 of whom were distally exposed, or born to nonexposed parentsMortality (1946-) Cytogenetic studies Biochemical genetic studies Molecular genetic studies
F1 clinical study11 951 (subset of the F1)Clinical health examination (20002–2006)
Total~ 212 100