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Systems analysis and design, as performed by systems analysts, seeks to understand what humans need to analyze data input or data flow systematically, process or transform data, store data, and output information in the context of a particular organization or enterprise. By doing thorough analysis, analysts seek to identify and solve the right problems. Furthermore, systems analysis and design is used to analyze, design, and implement improvements in the support of users and the functioning of businesses that can be accomplished through the use of computerized information systems. Installing a system without proper planning leads to great user dissatisfaction and frequently causes the system to fall into disuse. Systems analysis and design lends structure to the analysis and design of information systems, a costly endeavor that might otherwise have been done in a haphazard way. It can be thought of as a series of processes systematically undertaken to improve a business through the use of computerized information systems. Systems analysis and design involves working with current and eventual users of information systems to support them in working with technologies in an organizational setting. User involvement throughout the systems project is critical to the successful development of computerized information systems. Systems analysts, whose roles in the organization are discussed next, are the other essential component in developing useful information systems. Users are moving to the forefront as software development teams become more international in their composition. This means that there is more emphasis on working with software users; on performing analysis of their business, problems, and objectives; and on communicating the analysis and design of the planned system to all involved. New technologies also are driving the need for systems analysis. Ajax (Asynchronous JavaScript and XML) is not a new programming language, but a technique that uses existing languages to make Web pages function more like a traditional desktop application program. Building and redesigning Web pages that utilize Ajax technologies will be a task facing analysts. New programming languages, such as the open source Web framework, Ruby on Rails, which is a combination programming language and code generator for creating Web applications, will require more analysis. Contents Systems development is systematic process which includes phases such as planning, analysis, design, deployment, and maintenance. Here, in this tutorial, we will primarily focus on −
Systems AnalysisIt is a process of collecting and interpreting facts, identifying the problems, and decomposition of a system into its components. System analysis is conducted for the purpose of studying a system or its parts in order to identify its objectives. It is a problem solving technique that improves the system and ensures that all the components of the system work efficiently to accomplish their purpose. Analysis specifies what the system should do. Systems DesignIt is a process of planning a new business system or replacing an existing system by defining its components or modules to satisfy the specific requirements. Before planning, you need to understand the old system thoroughly and determine how computers can best be used in order to operate efficiently. System Design focuses on how to accomplish the objective of the system. System Analysis and Design (SAD) mainly focuses on −
What is a System?The word System is derived from Greek word Systema, which means an organized relationship between any set of components to achieve some common cause or objective. A system is “an orderly grouping of interdependent components linked together according to a plan to achieve a specific goal.” Constraints of a SystemA system must have three basic constraints −
For example, traffic management system, payroll system, automatic library system, human resources information system. Properties of a SystemA system has the following properties − OrganizationOrganization implies structure and order. It is the arrangement of components that helps to achieve predetermined objectives. InteractionIt is defined by the manner in which the components operate with each other. For example, in an organization, purchasing department must interact with production department and payroll with personnel department. InterdependenceInterdependence means how the components of a system depend on one another. For proper functioning, the components are coordinated and linked together according to a specified plan. The output of one subsystem is the required by other subsystem as input. IntegrationIntegration is concerned with how a system components are connected together. It means that the parts of the system work together within the system even if each part performs a unique function. Central ObjectiveThe objective of system must be central. It may be real or stated. It is not uncommon for an organization to state an objective and operate to achieve another. The users must know the main objective of a computer application early in the analysis for a successful design and conversion. Elements of a SystemThe following diagram shows the elements of a system − Outputs and Inputs
Processor(s)
Control
Feedback
Environment
Boundaries and Interface
Types of SystemsThe systems can be divided into the following types − Physical or Abstract Systems
Open or Closed Systems
Adaptive and Non Adaptive System
Permanent or Temporary System
Natural and Manufactured System
Deterministic or Probabilistic System
Social, Human-Machine, Machine System
Man–Made Information Systems
Systems ModelsSchematic Models
Flow System Models
Static System Models
Dynamic System Models
Categories of InformationThere are three categories of information related to managerial levels and the decision managers make. Strategic Information
Managerial Information
Operational information
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