What step would you take if you have attempted IV access and are unsure of proper placement

Consider this in the IV cannulation procedure

When the best vein available is identified and right size of catheter is chosen, the next step is insertion. First-stick success is always the goal. Any additional attempt of insertion increases pain and stress for the patient, adds workload to the caregiver and costs to the healthcare system. Consider using a heating pad, with caution, to increase venous distension and make the veins more visible and accessible.

It is very important to observe the flashback of blood to know when the needle is in the vein. Flashback will be visible in the chamber connected to the needle as soon as the needle is in the vein. Always continue and insert an additional 1-2 millimetres to let the catheter, not only the needle tip, reach the inner lumen of the vein. Continue to insert only the catheter and carefully withdraw the needle at the same time. You will now see blood between the catheter and needle, the second flashback, which confirms that also the catheter is in the blood vessel.

When working with small babies, neonates or patients with small and fragile veins, it’s important to have an instant blood response. For this reason, with our smaller sizes (24 and 26 G) the needle is notched in a very precise way and place to facilitate blood flashback. This speeds up visual feedback, because blood immediately appears between the catheter and the needle in front of the wing housing.

As soon as the needle is out, you immediately need to close off the luer end of the IV catheter, either with the white cap that comes with the product, or with an extension line or needle free connector of your choice.
“Always fixate the IV catheter carefully to keep it in place and in a stable position. Use a transparent dressing over the insertion site to facilitate regular inspections. You might also need another layer of protection, such as tube or gauze, to further protect the IV catheter and minimise movements and vein irritation.”

Before any infusion or injection, it’s always important to confirm correct placement of the IV catheter and good flow. Flush the catheter with saline and ask the patient if he or she feels the cold coming up the vein. If it’s not a communicative patient, place your fingertips of your non-dominant hand (the one not holding the syringe) at the level of the catheter tip and feel the cold yourself. Also look for any swelling in the tissue.

After placing an IV catheter

Always flush the IV catheter with saline after each usage, to prevent from clotting of blood and be able to use the catheter as long as possible. Attaching an extension line is a common recommendation in guidelines. The extension line could possibly increase the indwell time of the IV catheter as it enables the medical staff to operate away from the catheter, minimising the risk of contamination and movements.
“Remember to fixate also the extension line to avoid getting caught with it hanging from the hand or arm. Be careful with the skin and place a piece of gauze underneath the end of the extension line with its stopcocks or needle free connectors. Always make it as comfortable as possible for the patient,” Pernilla says.

Avoid complications, follow our step-by-step guides:

How to place an IV catheter: CLiP Winged
How to place an IV catheter: CLiP Ported
How to place an IV catheter: CLiP Neo

Here are your best tips and techniques on how to start an IV. Nurses who would want to master this essential nursing skill. Intravenous (IV) insertion may be one of the basics skills a nurse would learn, but it could be one of the most difficult to master if you lack the practice and the confidence to do it. Most of the sharpshooters have gained their skill through continuous practice and plenty of experiences in this field.

A lot of factors may affect the way you insert an intravenous catheter, but you have to control them and bend them to your convenience. Never rush on any nursing skills that you still not have, or take a shortcut just to achieve your goals. Along with these intravenous therapy tips, nursing practices must be accurate, precise, and learned not only by the brain but most especially by the heart.

IV Therapy Tips for Starters

Preliminary IV therapy tips and tricks on how to start an IV:

1. Stay calm and be prepared. Hitting the bullseye on one try will depend on the nurse’s preparation and skill. You and your patient should be composed as a nervous and rushed procedure will likely result in failure. Allay anxiety by explaining the procedure to the patient and determine the patient’s history with IV therapy. Ensure the patient is comfortable and sufficiently warm to prevent vasoconstriction.

2. Exude confidence. Believe in yourself and reassure the patient you know what you’re doing. The patient will be encouraged by your confidence and you too, of course.

3. Assess for needle phobia. Needle phobia is a response as a result of previous IV insertions. Symptoms include tachycardia and hypertension before insertion. On insertion bradycardia and a drop in blood pressure occurs with signs and symptoms of pallor, diaphoresis, and syncope. Reassure the patient with a soothing tone, educating the patient, keeping needles out of sight until the last minute before use, and use of topical anesthetics can help manage needle phobia.

4. Observe Infection control measures. Use gloves in inserting a cannula into the patient. Intravenous insertion is an invasive procedure and requires aseptic technique and proper infection control measures. Wipe a cotton swab or alcohol pad on the insertion site to minimize microorganisms in the area and also to visualize the chosen vein more clearly.

5. Assess the vein. Before inserting a needle into a patient’s vein, you have to assess its condition first. A well-hydrated person has firm, supple, and easy-to-reach veins. Well-hydrated veins are bouncy, making them the right fit for insertion. Some patients need intravenous therapy but are dehydrated, so it is a challenge to hit the vein in one go. To avoid injuring the vein, always assess first that you are aiming for a vein that is not frail enough to blow up during the insertion. Take your time. The following tips can help you with that.

6. Feel rather than look. If you can’t see a suitable vein, trust your fingers even more than your eyes. It’s also an excellent opportunity to familiarize yourself with a suitable vein. A tendon may feel like a vein but palpating it through a range of motion may prove that it is not.

7. Ask your patient. The patient may know more which veins are suitable based on his previous IV history.

8. Use an appropriate cannula size. Match the needle and the gauge of the cannula to the size of the patient. The gauge refers to the diameter of the lumen of the needle or cannula — the smaller the gauge number, the larger the diameter of the lumen, the larger the gauge number, the smaller the diameter of the lumen. You can hit a vein that is smaller than your needle, but it would be injured and would blow up because the needle is bigger than it is.

9. Consider the use. Put into consideration the type of infusion that is needed when you choose your cannula. Needles with smaller gauges could not accommodate blood transfusion and parenteral feeding. Large-diameter lumens allow a higher fluid rate than a smaller diameter, allowing the administration of higher concentration of solution or medication. Needleless equipment is now widely used to minimize injury to the vein during and after insertion.

10. Insert at the non-dominant hand first. Consider inserting on non-dominant hand first so the patient can still perform simple functions using the dominant hand. However, if you cannot locate an appropriate site or vein for insertion on the non-dominant hand, proceed with the dominant hand.

Vein Selection for Starting an IV

In this section, the following IV therapy tips and tricks are about selecting the best vein sites for venipuncture.

11. Start with distal veins and work proximally. Start choosing from the lowest veins first then work upward. Starting at the most proximal point can potentially lose several sites you could have below it.

12. Use a BP cuff rather than a tourniquet. If the patient has low BP, it would be best to use a BP cuff inflated to appropriate pressure to make the veins dilate. This technique can also be useful for older patients and those with veins that are too difficult to access. For patients with hypovolemia, use a larger vein as small veins collapse quicker. Inflate the cuff to the lowest pressure first and see if the veins appear. When using one as a tourniquet, invert it, so the tubings are away from the limb giving you a clear view of the site and removing possibilities of the tubings contaminating the site. The BP cuff lets your patient have a wider, more comfortable tourniquet that compresses evenly and efficiently and can be adjusted to the exact pressure needed to dilate the veins.

13. Apply the tourniquet correctly. The tourniquet should be placed tightly enough to hinder venous flow, but not too tight to impede arterial flow — that way, blood continuously flows into the extremity, but it meets resistance as it tries to leave, thus distending the veins. Apply the tourniquet snugly, about 20 to 25 cm above the needle insertion site. Feel for the radial pulse with the tourniquet in place, if you can’t palpate it, your tourniquet is too tight.

14. Puncture without a tourniquet. If the patient has adequately filled but fragile veins, proceed with the insertion without using a tourniquet. Pressure from the placement of the tourniquet may cause the client’s delicate vein to blow out upon puncture.

Making the Vein More Visible

Now that vein selection is complete, the following tips and tricks for starting an IV are on how to make the vein more visible.

15. Gravity is your friend. Let the patient’s arm dangle down on the side of the bed if no veins are observed to promote venous filling. Gravity slows venous return and distends the veins. Full and distended veins are easier to palpate and are always an excellent option for insertion.

16. Use warm compress. Apply warm, moist compress or warm towels over the area for several minutes before you insert and, of course, before you cleanse. Leave the compress in place for 10 to 20 minutes. A warmer temperature would enable the vein to dilate and make it more visible to the surface.

17. Do not slap the vein. Some nurses have a bad habit of slapping the site of insertion so that the vein be more visible. Though the practice is helpful at times, veins have nerve endings that react to painful stimuli causing them to contract, therefore, making it harder to locate the vein. Please don’t make an already painful procedure even more painful.

18. Flick or tap the vein. Rather than slapping, use your thumb and second finger to flick the vein; this releases histamines beneath the skin and causes vein dilation.

19. Feel the vein. Wrap a tourniquet above the site of insertion to dilate the veins and gently palpate the vein by pressing it up and down. Use the same fingers in palpation so you would be able to familiarize the feeling of a bouncy vein. Tap the vein gently; do not slap it to avoid contraction of the vein.

20. Fist clenching. Instruct the patient to clench and unclench his or her fist to compress distal veins and distend them; this helps in the venous filling.

21. Use the multiple-tourniquet technique. By using two or three latex tourniquets, apply one high on the arm and leave for 2 minutes, apply the second at mid-arm below antecubital fossa. Collateral veins should appear. Use the third one if needed.

22. Vein dilation using nitroglycerine. To help dilate a small vein, apply nitroglycerine ointment to the site for one to two minutes. Remove the ointment as you make your final disinfection of the site with alcohol.

23. Flow where you want it to go. When disinfecting the insertion site, rub the alcohol pad in the direction of the venous flow as to improve the filling of the vein by pushing the blood past the valves.

24. Clean vigorously and widely. To have the tape and dressing adhere tightly to clean dry skin. Disinfect a wider area to in case another vein shows up.

25. Use a vein locator. Veins can be very hard to find in infants or small children, equipment like transilluminator lights and pocket ultrasound machines can illuminate vein pathways so you can have a visual direction of where you should insert your catheter. Be wary of burning skin and limit the duration of contact.

Insertion of the Intravenous (IV) Catheter

For the following IV start tips, you’ll need to give your full attention as this section of the guide is about how to insert the catheter correctly and troubleshooting techniques if you fail to hit it the first time.

26. Stabilize the vein. Pull the skin taut just below the entry site to support the vein for needle entry and this also lessens the pain the patient may feel upon insertion. Make sure that the alcohol has already dried on the skin before inserting because this may become more painful for the patient.

27. Insert the IV catheter directly atop the vein. Initiating venipuncture from the side of the vein can push it sideways even if it’s anchored by your hand.

28. Prevent kinking. Sometimes, if the vein is hardened or scarred, there is a risk of kinking the cannula. Otherwise, one can get through the scar to a usable portion of the vein by using the following technique:

29. Twirl the catheter hub. Mild obstructions, tortuosity of the vessel, vessel fragility, and frictional resistance can be overcome by “twirling” the catheter hub. To do this insert the IV with a slight rotating motion to help glide over some parts of the vein.

30. Bevel up. Make sure the bevel of the needle faces upwards as this is the sharpest part of the needle. Believe me; the needle will glide easily if inserted this way.

31. Make the shot at a 15-30 degree angle over the skin. Hold the catheter in a 15-30 degree angle over the skin with the bevel up and inform the patient that you are going to insert the needle.

32. Feel for any resistance. As you insert the needle, feel any resistance from the pain. If no resistance is felt, advance the needle carefully. If there is resistance felt, discontinue your insertion because you might disrupt the vein and injure it further.

33. “The Flashback.” Once you can see that there is a backflow of blood (i.e., “Flashback”) from the veins, remove the tourniquet and completely advance the catheter and remove the needle altogether. Secure the catheter to the patient’s skin correctly and open the infusion line to start the therapy. It’s one of the best feelings in nursing!

34. Don’t go all in. Know when to stop advancing your catheter, once you hit the vein and see a flash of blood back, stop and lower your angle of approach. Advancing it further may puncture through the vein!

35. Don’t rush into starting the IV fluid. Once inserted and secured, initiate the IV infusion slowly as if you’re working with fragile veins. Rushing to start the fluid might blow the vein.

36. Release the tourniquet first. Once you have ensured the catheter is within the vein, untie the tourniquet before advancing the catheter to prevent it from blowing due to increase in pressure.

Securing the IV Line

If you have successfully inserted the catheter using the IV therapy tips above, you need to make sure it lasts by securing it, here are the tips:

37. On taping the IV tubing. Improper taping of the I.V. tubing across the cannula and the vein beneath it will later cause pain during infusion. Tape the tubing away from the cannula site. When taping the catheter should be secured and accessible.

38. Limbs in motion? When the patient’s limbs are on the move (i.e., inside an ambulance), secure the IV site by locking the arm in extension and blocking the flexion at the elbow.

39. Go with the flow when taping. Tape down the tubing while considering the natural movements of the body; thus running all tubing laterally on the limb in the direction of the motion. You can prevent the tubing from coiling or tangling by “going with the flow” of the body.

40. Stress tape to prevent accidental yanking. Use one or two stress tapings to avoid a direct pull from an IV site if the tubing is snagged. Do not tape down excessive loops or coils which shorten the length of the tubing. One should not tape on the proximal side of a flexing joint; it’ll just be removed easily. Do not wrap the tubing around a digit when taping it because when the patient clenches his fist, it can easily pull out or alter the flow of the catheter. A double-back of the tubing with a short loop will secure it well.

41. If it leaks. If a small leak occurs at the point and moment of insertion, the vein may still be usable if the catheter tip can be fully advanced proximal to the leakage. Observe a test infusion of non-irritating fluid for any extravasation carefully before another use.

42. Do not probe for a vein. Also called “fishing” or “vein searching”–this is painful especially when the nurse unintendedly probes into muscle or tendon. If you don’t get a flashback, don’t let your needle dig for a vein by moving it around. When this does happen, this may be a sign that you’ve missed your target, and your needle has been deflected by a rolling or hard veins. Sometimes, you may only need to pull back the needle and insert in another direction, doing so is better than starting the procedure over again.

IV Therapy Tips and Special Considerations

Not all veins are the same, different people with different conditions have different veins, so here are some special IV therapy tips and considerations you need to note.

43. For older patients and pediatric patients. They have smaller and fragile veins than normal adults do. Use small gauges that can still aid proper venous flow. Choose the right site for insertion. Probably the safest location is in the hands, but be sure to stabilize it because pediatric patients are fond of gesticulating, and elderly patients are prone to falls.

44. For patients who have a dark skin tone. You can use a blood pressure cuff and inflate it to visualize the vein more clearly due to distention. The trick of wiping a cotton swab in the direction of the vein also helps to visualize the vein better for pediatric, elderly, and dark-skinned patients.

45. For veins with valves, use the floating technique. There are some people with prominent valves in their veins that can hinder insertion. These valves feel like little bumps along the vein’s track and are common among weightlifters and sculptors. If you have difficulty inserting the catheter to this kind of vein, use a floating technique to open the valves. Floating method is done by attaching a primed extension tubing to the cannula and gently flushing the tubing with normal saline via a syringe while advancing the catheter.

46. Bifurcating veins. These veins have a noticeable inverted V-shape and are less likely to roll during insertion. However, the vein should be accessed below the bifurcation with the highest probability of cannulation success.

47. Call the “vein whisperer”. After some reasonable unsuccessful attempts to insert the IV catheter, it would be best for the patient that the nurse calls for another healthcare provider to try inserting the IV. Staff in NICU, Anesthesia, or vascular surgeons are sometimes needed for some patients. Call on those who may have the best chance before all veins are used up.

48. On the use of restraints. Infant and children may need to have their limb splinted or restrained before starting the IV as they may be uncooperative during the insertion. Do not forget to place your tourniquet before securing the splint as not to have to delve it through beginning the venipuncture.

49. Restraining using Papoose or Mummy wrap. It can be wise to restrain using a “Papoose” or a “Mummy” wrap for some children whom agitation and potential combativeness cannot yet be safely relieved. Though unsettling to the family, explain that you want to make the best possible chances of success in the first effort.

50. Learn the art of distraction. Children can be uncooperative during procedures and use of distraction methods like letting the patient blow bubbles, sing or count are sufficient techniques.

51. Starting an intraosseous line. During an emergency, the best way to deliver drugs and fluids to a critically ill child (if you can’t start an IV line) is by using an intraosseous line. An intraosseous line goes directly into the bone marrow cavity, an excellent point of entry for fluids, blood products, and drugs. The bone marrow also serves as a non-collapsible vein, thus fluid infused into the marrow cavity enters the circulation via a network of venous sinusoids.

52. Detecting infiltration in a patient who’s obese or has edema. Compare the limb’s skin turgor and size with the opposite extremity and meticulously inspect the site for swelling, coolness, blanching, discoloration, and leakage at the needle’s insertion point. If you’re still unsure, place a tourniquet proximal to the venipuncture site and make it tight enough to restrict venous flow. If the infusion continues without assistance from a mechanical pump device, you’ve confirmed infiltration.

53. Evaluate for infiltration. Occlude the vein proximal to the IV site, if the IV fluid continues to flow, the cannula is probably outside the vein; if the IV flow stops after the occlusion of the vein, the device is still in the vein.

54. Check for patency. You can also check for patency by lowering the IV fluid container below the IV site and monitor the appearance or backflow of blood in the IV tubing. If blood appears, the IV device is still in the vein.

55. In case of infiltration. Remove the IV device immediately and elevate the extremity. Application of warm or cold compress over the affected area also helps. Restart the IV device in the opposite extremity.

Starting an IV to Pediatric Patients

Starting an IV to a pediatric patient is extra challenging as their veins are smaller and are sometimes distressed when they see a needle. Hopefully, these IV tips for pediatric patients can help you:

56. Keep calm and calm the child. When starting an IV on an infant, try soothing them beforehand with a pacifier. If mom wants to hold the baby, as if bottle/breastfeeding is okay while starting the line.

57. Insert on nondominant hand. Hand veins in the nondominant hand are preferable for small children of walking age and infants.

58. Use an immobilizer. The antecubital (AC) is also a good location for children, but an immobilizer board may be required to keep the line patent.

59. Scalp veins. In neonates, scalp veins or veins in the feet are sometimes preferable and easier to access, especially in the cute chubby babies!

60. Advance on flashback. With preemies and small newborns, try advancing the catheter instead of the needle after the initial flashback of blood. Babies veins aren’t mature yet, and you may blow a vein by advancing the needle.

61. It’s a TB skin test. One nurse told me, “think of it like a TB skin test.” Stick almost flush with the skin when sticking neonates and newborns. Many times, their veins are close to the skin’s surface.

62. Less pain. Use anesthetic creams or sprays for children.

63. Know your nursery rhymes. When starting an IV on a toddler (ages 1-3), try singing, pacifiers or musical toys as a means of distraction. Hint: Itsy Bitsy Spider works wonders for my son and other kids, too, especially when accompanied with hand motions! Give it a shot.

64. Communicate. With young children ages 4 and up, just be honest with them. Kids can comprehend more than you may think and, therefore, can see reason. Tell them that the procedure will hurt, but only for a minute. Assure them that they will not lose all of their blood. It also wouldn’t hurt to “bribe” the kid to hold still with stickers, toys, etc.

65. Avoid tourniquets if you can. Apply traction with your hands and utilize coworkers when available. The use of tourniquets increases your risk of blowing veins on children.

66. Dangle that arm. Having the patient dangle their arm off of the side of the bed or let it hang by their side prior to sticking will increasing blood flow to that extremity. Veins will be easier to feel and see.

67. Know when to stop. It’s not good patient care to repeatedly stick them 4 or 5 times blindly. Find someone else with more experience to try. Everyone had bad days.

Additional Tips

68. Use firm traction. All veins roll. Some roll worse than others, especially in older people with thin skin. Holding traction is a must. Otherwise, you will be digging and chasing that vein all over. Not only does this hurt the patient, but you also have a risk of stabbing through the vein. Hold firm traction at the top and bottom of your insertion site using your non-dominant hand before attempting the start.

69. Don’t just use your eyes, feel. Sometimes, the juiciest veins are the one you can’t see. If you depend solely on your eyesight for IV starting, you will miss out on a lot of good options. Practice feeling veins that you CAN see, noting the difference between veins and muscle/flesh. Before long, you will be sticking with your eyes closed. Well, maybe don’t close your eyes. But you get the idea.

70. Use a tourniquet, or don’t. Sometimes, using a tourniquet is a bad idea. If you can feel that it is a large vein, and can even see it, skip the tourniquet. Tying the tourniquet too tight can cause the vein to blow when it’s punctured. If you blow a vein using a tourniquet, try starting an access without it.

71. Use an appropriate-sized needle. I know we all want that big 18g access for our patients. But it’s not always appropriate. Using a needle that is too large can blow the vein. Use the biggest access that you can. But realize that, sometimes, a 22g may be all you can do.

72. Don’t let unsuccessful attempts haunt you. We all miss veins. It happens. Whether it’s a faulty method or just a bad vein, no one is successful 100% of the time. Let the losses go. Be confident with the next attempt. If given the opportunity, attempt every IV you can. The more you try, the more skilled you will be.