When copying values in a spreadsheet which feature automatically adjust cell reference for the new copy location?

When you copy a cell containing a formula, you will notice that the cell references in the formula also move a corresponding number of cells across and down. This type of cell reference is called a relative reference.

When we copy (Ctrl + C) the formula in the image above, and paste (Ctrl + V) it into another cell, you’ll notice that the cell references change from the B column to the D column, so the total is different.

If you want to prevent Excel from changing the cell references when copying cells, you need to use absolute references. To create an absolute reference, insert a dollar sign ($) before both parts of the cell reference in the formula you want to freeze, as illustrated in the following image.

There are three different types of references, relative, absolute, and mixed. The following are some examples:

1. Relative Reference: A1 tells Excel to change the cell references to the corresponding columns and rows.
2. Mixed Reference: $A1 tells Excel you always want to refer to column A.
3. Mixed Reference: B$1 tells Excel you always want to refer to row 1.
4. Absolute Reference: $B$1 tells Excel you always want to refer to cell B1.

There is a shorthand method for entering the dollar signs as you select or enter cell references in a formula. As you are typing a formula and finish a cell reference, press F4 to toggle between the 4 combinations of reference types. Let’s say you started typing a formula and you typed =100*B1.

• Press F4 and your formula changes to =100*$B$1 (always refer to cell B1)
• Press F4 again and your formula changes to =100*B$1 (always refer to row 1)
• Press F4 again and your formula changes to =100*$B1 (always refer to column B)
• Press F4 again and your formula returns to the original relative reference =100*B1 (always change the reference to the corresponding columns and rows)

You can pause while entering each cell reference in the formula to press F4 until you get the right reference type for the current cell reference.

To copy the formula entered using absolute references and preserve the cell references, select the cell containing the formula and copy it (Ctrl + C) and click the destination cell into which you want to paste the formula.

Make sure the Home tab is the active tab on the ribbon. Click the arrow on the Paste button in the Paste section of the Home tab. Select Formulas from the drop-down menu.

You will notice that the total displays in the destination cell from the original cell, and the formula that displays in the Formula Bar for the destination cell contains the same absolute references as the original formula in the original cell.

NOTE: Copying and pasting a formula into a destination cell does not mean that the formula will be updated in the destination cell when it is updated in the original cell.

There is a way you can copy and paste a cell containing a formula to a destination cell such that the results of the formula in the original cell always display in the destination cell as they change. You can link to the original cell.

To do this, select and copy the original cell with the formula again and click the cell into which you want to paste the link to the original cell. Click the Paste button in the Paste section of the Home tab to display the drop-down menu. Select Paste Link from the menu.

You will notice that, again, the total from the original cell displays in the destination cell. However, this time, the Formula Bar displays an absolute reference to the original cell containing the formula. Every time the results change in the original cell, the total displayed in the destination cell updates as well.

NOTE: If all you want to do is paste the result of the formula into the destination cell, select Paste Values from the Paste drop-down menu when pasting into the destination cell.

Pasting a link is a handy feature if you want to display a total from one part of a worksheet in a more prominent location with special formatting, possibly for a presentation, and you want to keep the cell containing the link updated. Enjoy!

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Introduction

There are two types of cell references: relative and absolute. Relative and absolute references behave differently when copied and filled to other cells. Relative references change when a formula is copied to another cell. Absolute references, on the other hand, remain constant no matter where they are copied.

Optional: Download our example file for this lesson.

Watch the video below to learn more about cell references.

By default, all cell references are relative references. When copied across multiple cells, they change based on the relative position of rows and columns. For example, if you copy the formula =A1+B1 from row 1 to row 2, the formula will become =A2+B2. Relative references are especially convenient whenever you need to repeat the same calculation across multiple rows or columns.

To create and copy a formula using relative references:

In the following example, we want to create a formula that will multiply each item's price by the quantity. Rather than create a new formula for each row, we can create a single formula in cell D2 and then copy it to the other rows. We'll use relative references so the formula correctly calculates the total for each item.

1. Select the cell that will contain the formula. In our example, we'll select cell D2.
   

2. Enter the formula to calculate the desired value. In our example, we'll type =B2*C2.
   

3. Press Enter on your keyboard. The formula will be calculated, and the result will be displayed in the cell.
4. Locate the fill handle in the lower-right corner of the desired cell. In our example, we'll locate the fill handle for cell D2.
   

5. Click, hold, and drag the fill handle over the cells you wish to fill. In our example, we'll select cells D3:D12.
   

6. Release the mouse. The formula will be copied to the selected cells with relative references and the values will be calculated in each cell.
   

You can double-click the filled cells to check their formulas for accuracy. The relative cell references should be different for each cell, depending on its row.

There may be times when you do not want a cell reference to change when filling cells. Unlike relative references, absolute references do not change when copied or filled. You can use an absolute reference to keep a row and/or column constant.

An absolute reference is designated in a formula by the addition of a dollar sign ($) before the column and row. If it precedes the column or row (but not both), it's known as a mixed reference.

You will use the relative (A2) and absolute ($A$2) formats in most formulas. Mixed references are used less frequently.

When writing a formula in Microsoft Excel, you can press the F4 key on your keyboard to switch between relative, absolute, and mixed cell references, as shown in the video below. This is an easy way to quickly insert an absolute reference.

In our example, we'll use the 7.5% sales tax rate in cell E1 to calculate the sales tax for all items in column D. We'll need to use the absolute cell reference $E$1 in our formula. Because each formula is using the same tax rate, we want that reference to remain constant when the formula is copied and filled to other cells in column D.

1. Select the cell that will contain the formula. In our example, we'll select cell D3.
   

2. Enter the formula to calculate the desired value. In our example, we'll type =(B3*C3)*$E$1.
   

3. Press Enter on your keyboard. The formula will calculate, and the result will display in the cell.
4. Locate the fill handle in the lower-right corner of the desired cell. In our example, we'll locate the fill handle for cell D3.
   

5. Click, hold, and drag the fill handle over the cells you wish to fill, cells D4:D13 in our example.
   

6. Release the mouse. The formula will be copied to the selected cells with an absolute reference, and the values will be calculated in each cell.
   

You can double-click the filled cells to check their formulas for accuracy. The absolute reference should be the same for each cell, while the other references are relative to the cell's row.

Be sure to include the dollar sign ($) whenever you're making an absolute reference across multiple cells. The dollar signs were omitted in the example below. This caused the spreadsheet to interpret it as a relative reference, producing an incorrect result when copied to other cells.

Using cell references with multiple worksheets

Most spreadsheet programs allow you to refer to any cell on any worksheet, which can be especially helpful if you want to reference a specific value from one worksheet to another. To do this, you'll simply need to begin the cell reference with the worksheet name followed by an exclamation point (!). For example, if you wanted to reference cell A1 on Sheet1, its cell reference would be Sheet1!A1.

Note that if a worksheet name contains a space, you will need to include single quotation marks (' ') around the name. For example, if you wanted to reference cell A1 on a worksheet named July Budget, its cell reference would be 'July Budget'!A1.

To reference cells across worksheets:

In our example below, we'll refer to a cell with a calculated value between two worksheets. This will allow us to use the exact same value on two different worksheets without rewriting the formula or copying data between worksheets.

1. Locate the cell you wish to reference, and note its worksheet. In our example, we want to reference cell E14 on the Menu Order worksheet.
   

2. Navigate to the desired worksheet. In our example, we'll select the Catering Invoice worksheet.
   

3. The selected worksheet will appear.
4. Locate and select the cell where you want the value to appear. In our example, we'll select cell B2.
   

5. Type the equals sign (=), the sheet name followed by an exclamation point (!), and the cell address. In our example, we'll type ='Menu Order'!E14.
   

6. Press Enter on your keyboard. The value of the referenced cell will appear. If the value of cell E14 changes on the Menu Order worksheet, it will be updated automatically on the Catering Invoice worksheet.
   

If you rename your worksheet at a later point, the cell reference will be updated automatically to reflect the new worksheet name.

Challenge!

1. Open an existing Excel workbook. If you want, you can use the example file for this lesson.
2. Create a formula that uses a relative reference. If you are using the example, use the fill handle to fill in the formula in cells E4 through E14. Double-click a cell to see the copied formula and the relative cell references.
3. Create a formula that uses an absolute reference. If you are using the example, correct the formula in cell D4 to refer only to the tax rate in cell E2 as an absolute reference, then use the fill handle to fill the formula from cells D4 to D14.
4. Try referencing a cell across worksheets. If you are using the example, create a cell reference in cell B3 on the Catering Invoice worksheet for cell E15 on the Menu Order worksheet.

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