When using a visual from another source, where should the citation be placed?

. . . This was seen in an Australian study (Couch, 2017). OR Couch (2017) suggests that . . .  OR

In 2017, Couch conducted a study which showed that . . . 

. . . (Zheng & Labeke, 2017) OR

Zheng and Labeke (2017) . . . 

. . . (De Keyser et al., 2019).

OR
De Keyser et al. (2019) . . .

P. R. Smith (1923) to distinguish from S. Smith (1945) . . .

OR
(S. A. Brown & Jones, 1961) to distinguish from (W. O. Brown & Smith, 1985).

. . .  (Reimer, 2018, 2019).

OR
Reimer (2018, 2019) . . .

Stairs (1992b) . . .later in the text . . . (Stairs, 1992a).

OR
. . . (Stairs, 1992a, 1992b).

. . . (Australian Institute of Health and Welfare [AIHW], 2019)

Note: [AIHW] is in square brackets for the initial in-text citation and thereafter as . . . (AIHW, 2019). However, if abbreviation not widely known, give the name in full every time:

. . . (Australian Research Council, 2016)

Do not use a comma to separate two organisation authors; for example (Monash University & Monash Health, 2020)

As one writer put it, "the darkest days were still ahead" (Weston, 1988, p. 45).

OR
Weston (1988) argued that "the darkest days were still ahead" (p. 45).

This theory was put forward by Smith (2015, chap.7)

These include private letters, e-mail, and conversations. As personal communications are not accessible to others, they are not included in the reference list. However, an in-text citation is required.

. . . (R. Smith, personal communication, January 28, 2020).

OR
R. Smith (personal communication, January 28, 2020) . . .

Note: APA 7th guidelines specify that secondary citations should ONLY be used where the original is unavailable (e.g., out-of-print). Wherever possible, read and cite the original source.

If the original source is not available, ONLY include the details of the source that you actually read. In the example below, the original source would be Farrow (1968), which you saw cited in a paper by Ward and Decan (1988). Only the reference for Ward and Decan would be included in the reference list.

. . . (Farrow, 1968, as cited in Ward & Decan, 1988).

OR
Farrow (1968, as cited in Ward & Decan, 1988) . . . 

OR
Ward and Decan (1988) cited Farrow (1968) as finding . . .

The title of the legislation and the year (jurisdiction). Note: include the jurisdiction the first time the act is cited. The jurisdiction can be dropped with subsequent citations

The Medical Treatment Act 1988 (Vic) states . . .

by virtue of s. 25.1 of the Aged Care Act 1997 (Cth) . . .

. . . "A restrictive intervention may only be used on a person....." (Mental Health Act 2014 (Vic), s. 105)

as a secondary source

. . . Occupational Health and Safety Act 2004 (Vic) (as cited in Creighton & Rozen, 2007)    

The title of the case (year). Note: Include the year with the first citation. The year can be dropped in subsequent citations.

According to the case of Rogers v Whitaker (1992) . . .

as a secondary source

.  . . Chappel v Hart (1988) (as cited in Forrester & Griffiths, 2014)

When citing an entire website with no mention of a specific page or particular information on the website, it is sufficient to give the address of the site in the text. No reference list entry is required.

Apple is one of the most visited consumer technology websites in the world (https://www.apple.com).

Family name and year of publication.

In a recent article on the 1918 flu pandemic Tobias (2020) suggested …

OR

. . . in the 1918 pandemic (Tobias, 2020)

Organisation name and year of publication.

A webpage regarding educational discounts offered by Samsung (2020) states . . 

OR

Information on education discounts are offered by one of the world’s largest telecommunications companies (Samsung, 2020)

Give the first few words of the title. If the title is from an article use double quotation marks. Also include the year of publication.

An Australian government agency recommend checking rainwater tanks in Queensland (“Unsealed rainwater tanks”, 2019).

Use the letters n.d. - an abbreviation of the words ‘no date’.

In a self-published autobiographical article, audiovisual organisation Bose (n.d) mention . . .

OR

The company’s history is outlined in a self-published autobiography (Bose, n.d.)

Cite the database or Market Report publisher as author.

An industry report on infrastructure construction in China by IBISWorld (2019) asserts . . .

OR

Infrastructure construction in China was summarised in a recent industry report (IBISWorld, 2019).

Family name and year of publication.

In an industry report on Australian crisis accommodation Richardson (2020) states . . .

OR

Australian crisis accommodation options were recently reviewed  (Richardson, 2020).

Provide the title of the entry in double quotation marks, followed by the year of publication.

(“Perindopril,” 2021).

Provide the title of each entry, separated by a comma, in double quotation marks. Follow this with the year of publication.

(“Paracetamol, Warfarin sodium,” 2021).