Which of the following best describes selective perception?

1. Which phenomenon do Brislin’s categories of verbal abuse, physical avoidance, discrimination, physical attack, and massacre relate to?

1. prejudice
2. racism
3. ethnocentrism
4. stereotyping

2. Successful information processing depends on the merging of external and internal information. Which of the following is an example of internal information?

1. event
2. people
3. past experience
4. objects

3. A British tourist first boarding an MTR (subway) in Hong Kong and hearing a local person chatting loudly on a mobile phone might consider the entire population in Hong Kong as inconsiderate of others’ interests. This is an illustration of the relationship between ______.

1. beliefs and perception
2. worldview and interpretation
3. culture and categorization
4. ethnocentrism and cultural relativism

4. Which of the following statements is true about the attribution theory?

1. Attribution can be internal or external.
2. Attribution is not driven by emotional factors.
3. People commonly attribute own success to external factors.
4. External attribution is related to attitudes or personality.

5. Implicit personality theory suggests that we organise our individual perceptions into clusters. Which tendency best represents the halo effect?

1. If someone has one good trait, they are unlikely to have other good traits.
2. If someone has one good trait, they are likely to have other good traits.
3. If someone has one good trait, they will definitely have other good traits.
4. If someone has one good trait, they will definitely not have other good traits.

6. Which of the following statements is true about categorization?

1. Categorization increases the level of uncertainty.
2. Categorization is a mental economy strategy.
3. Categorization prevents us from making attributions about others’ behaviour.
4. Categorization blurs the boundaries between ingroups and outgroups.

7. Which stage of selection refers to remembering relevant information so that it may be used in later interpretation?

1. selective exposure
2. selective attention
3. selective retention
4. selective closure

8. Listening more and talking less is viewed as showing respect in Japanese culture, but not to speak up can be viewed as lack of confidence in Australia. Which of the following statements best describes what this example illustrates?

1. the influence of culture on interpretation
2. the influence of culture on selection
3. the influence of culture on familiarity
4. the influence of culture on retention

9. Which of the following statements is true about stereotypes?

1. Stereotypes reflect actual characteristics of certain groups.
2. Stereotypes can be positive.
3. Stereotypes are not over-generalizations.
4. Stereotypes are based on true associations between two variables.

10. Which of the following statements best describes prejudice?

1. Prejudice is a negative attitude toward individuals.
2. Prejudice can be both positive and negative.
3. Prejudice is based on biological characteristics of people only.
4. Prejudice is always based on the objective reality.

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Cognitive bias

Selective perception is the tendency not to notice and more quickly forget stimuli that cause emotional discomfort and contradict our prior beliefs. For example, a teacher may have a favorite student because they are biased by in-group favoritism. The teacher ignores the student's poor attainment. Conversely, they might not notice the progress of their least favorite student.[1]

Overview

Selective perception is the process by which individuals perceive what they want to in media messages while ignoring opposing viewpoints. It is a broad term to identify the behavior all people exhibit to tend to "see things" based on their particular frame of reference. It also describes how we categorize and interpret sensory information in a way that favors one category or interpretation over another. In other words, selective perception is a form of bias because we interpret information in a way that is congruent with our existing values and beliefs. Psychologists believe this process occurs automatically.[2]

Selective perception may refer to any number of cognitive biases in psychology related to the way expectations affect perception. Human judgment and decision making is distorted by an array of cognitive, perceptual and motivational biases, and people tend not to recognise their own bias, though they tend to easily recognise (and even overestimate) the operation of bias in human judgment by others.[3] One of the reasons this might occur might be because people are simply bombarded with too much stimuli every day to pay equal attention to everything, therefore, they pick and choose according to their own needs.[4]

To understand when and why a particular region of a scene is selected, studies observed and described the eye movements of individuals as they go about performing specific tasks. In this case, vision was an active process that integrated scene properties with specific, goal-oriented oculomotor behaviour.[5]

Several other studies have shown that students who were told they were consuming alcoholic beverages (which in fact were non-alcoholic) perceived themselves as being "drunk", exhibited fewer physiological symptoms of social stress, and drove a simulated car similarly to other subjects who had actually consumed alcohol. The result is somewhat similar to the placebo effect.[citation needed]

In one classic study on this subject related to the hostile media effect (which is itself an example of selective perception), viewers watched a filmstrip of a particularly violent Princeton-Dartmouth American football game. Princeton viewers reported seeing nearly twice as many rule infractions committed by the Dartmouth team than did Dartmouth viewers. One Dartmouth alumnus did not see any infractions committed by the Dartmouth side and erroneously assumed he had been sent only part of the film, sending word requesting the rest.[6]

Selective perception is also an issue for advertisers, as consumers may engage with some ads and not others based on their pre-existing beliefs about the brand.

Seymour Smith, a prominent advertising researcher, found evidence for selective perception in advertising research in the early 1960s, and he defined it to be "a procedure by which people let in, or screen out, advertising material they have an opportunity to see or hear. They do so because of their attitudes, beliefs, usage preferences and habits, conditioning, etc."[7] People who like, buy, or are considering buying a brand are more likely to notice advertising than are those who are neutral toward the brand. This fact has repercussions within the field of advertising research because any post-advertising analysis that examines the differences in attitudes or buying behavior among those aware versus those unaware of advertising is flawed unless pre-existing differences are controlled for. Advertising research methods that utilize a longitudinal design are arguably better equipped to control for selective perception.

Selective perceptions are of two types:

• Low level – Perceptual vigilance
• High level – Perceptual defense

See also

• 
  Psychology portal

• Confirmation bias
• List of cognitive biases
• Selective attention
• Selective retention

• Cognitive dissonance

• Selection bias

References

1. ^ Ricky W. Griffin (31 January 2013). Fundamentals of Management. Cengage Learning. p. 259. ISBN 978-1-133-62749-4.
2. ^ Steven Lucas Counselling. (2009, December 29). Psychology Definition Of The Week: Selective Perception. Retrieved March 18, 2013, from https://web.archive.org/web/20120416014147/http://counsellingcentral.com/psychology-definition-of-the-week-selective-perception
3. ^ Emily Pronin, "Perception and misperception of bias in human judgment," Trends in Cognitive Sciences, Volume 11, Issue 1, January 2007, pp. 37–43.
4. ^ "Articles: Selective perception". lilt.ilstu.edu. Archived from the original on 22 May 2010. Retrieved 12 January 2022.
5. ^ Canosa, R.L. (2009). Real-world vision: selective perception and task. ACM Trans. Appl. Percpt., 6, 2, Article 11, 34 pages.
6. ^ Hastorf, A.H. & Cantril, H. (1954). They saw a game: A case study. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 49, 129–134.
7. ^ Nowak, Theodore and Smith, Seymour. "Advertising Works—And Advertising Research Does Too." Presentation to ESOMAR. Spain: 1970s.

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