How does the movement of the particles affect the temperature of the object if the particles move slower the temperature of the object?

Q: How does the movement of the particle affect the temperature of the object?

The greater the motion of particles, the higher a substances temperature and thermal energy. A substances total thermal energy depends on its temperature, number of atoms, and physical state. More atoms and higher temperature mean more thermal energy.

In this series of games, your students will learn about the relationship between thermal energy and temperature, and how temperature is measured. The Temperature, Thermal Energy, and Particle Motion learning objective — based on NGSS and state standards — delivers improved student engagement and academic performance in your classroom, as demonstrated by research.

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Concepts Covered
Related Question
Video Transcript
Thermal expansion
Brownian motion & diffusion
How does the movement of the particle affect the temperature of the object?
How does the movement of particles of matter change when temperature decreases?
What happens when hot materials begin to cool hot materials begin to cool?

Scroll down for a preview of this learning objective’s games and the concepts they drive home.

Concepts Covered

Temperature measures the average kinetic energy of the particles in a substance. Thermal energy measures the total kinetic energy of the particles in a substance. The greater the motion of particles, the higher a substance’s temperature and thermal energy.

A substance’s total thermal energy depends on its temperature, number of atoms, and physical state. More atoms and higher temperature mean more thermal energy. If all other conditions are the same, substances in gas form have the most thermal energy, followed by liquids, then solids.

Temperature can be measured with a thermometer. The matter inside a thermometer expands as its particles gain thermal energy and move. There are three scales for quantifying temperature:

Degrees Fahrenheit (℉)
Degrees Celsius (℃)
Kelvins (K)

Scientists can also measure temperature based on the color of light an object gives off. This is useful if an object is far away, or if it is too hot to touch.

A preview of each game in the learning objective is found below.

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Tags: energy, 2thermal, kinetic, potential, temperature, particle, heat, Fahrenheit, Celsius, kelvin, conduction, convection, radiation, absolute zero, state of matter

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1. How does thermal energy move between objects? A. It moves from objects of lower mass to objects with higher mass B. It moves from objects of higher mass to object with lower mass C. It moves from objects of lower temperature to objects with higher temperature D. It moves from objects of higher temperatures to objects with lower temperature

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Video Transcript

There are a number of laws of nature. One is how much energy is left. This is the first law. The 2nd law of thermodynamics is an increase in the entropy for a spontaneously occurring process, and the 3rd law is zero at zeroKelvin for a perfect crystal. Some people call the zeroth law of thermodynamics the zeroth law of heat or thermal energy flows from a hot object to a cold one. The energy will move between objects. Bye, Yeah. It moves from higher temperatures to lower temperatures. So the answer is higher temperatures and lower temperatures. I am hoping that helps.

The higher the temperature of a substance, the greater the kinetic energy of the particles!

1 Temperature
2 Thermal expansion
3 Summary
4 Brownian motion & diffusion

If matter is heated and thus its temperature rises more and more, it can be seen that the particles contained in it move ever faster – be it the relatively free movement of the particles in gases or the oscillation around a rest position in solids.

Animation: Influence of temperature on particle motion and thermal expansion

The temperature of a substance can therefore be regarded as a measure of the velocity of the particles it contains. With a higher temperature and thus higher particle velocity, the kinetic energy of the particles also increases. Therefore the following statement applies :

The higher the temperature of a substance, the greater the kinetic energy of the particles!

Animation: Influence of temperature on particle motion and thermal expansion

More information on the connection between temperature and particle motion, especially for gases, can be found in the article “Kinetic theory of gases“.

Note that particle motion in the context of temperature is always a random motion! The temperature of the cube shown in the animation above would not increase if it were moved at high speed and the individual particles were supposed to be faster. This is because it is no longer a random movement of the individual particles. Rather, the random motion of the particles is superimposed by a directed movement of the cube. Such directed motions have no influence on the random movement of the particles inside the material and thus on the temperature.

Temperature is a measure of the “not directed” kinetic energy of a particle in a substance!

Thermal expansion

As the temperature rises, the higher the particle velocity and the greater the space occupied by the particles. As a result, substances generally expand as the temperature rises. Conversely, this means that a substance generally contracts when cooled. The resulting decrease in volume is connected with an increase in density (see also the animations in the previous section).

Figure: Influence of temperature on particle motion and thermal expansion

The phenomenon that substances generally expand when heated is also known as thermal expansion. This effect is used, for example, in liquid-in-glass thermometers to measure temperatures.

As the temperature rises, the volume of substances usually increases due to the increased space occupied by the particles!

Note that temperature is ultimately a macroscopic quantity (i.e. it can be measured macroscopically), while particle velocity can only be observed on a microscopic scale. Nevertheless, both quantities are connected! For further information see the article “Maxwell-Boltzmann distribution“.

Summary

The following table summarizes the properties of the particles in the various states of matter.

state of matter	solid	liquid	gas
temperature	low	medium	high
particle velocity	low	medium	high
kinetic energy of the particles	low	medium	high
occupied volume *	low	medium	high
binding energy of the particles	high	medium	low (ideal: none)

*) Note: With some substances such as e.g. water, a so-called negative thermal expansion (NTE) occurs in a certain temperature range, which leads to an increase in volume despite falling temperature. Read more about this in the article Density anomaly of water.

Brownian motion & diffusion

Since each substance can be assigned a certain temperature, the molecules contained in it are obviously in constant motion. This (random) thermal motion of the particles due to the temperature is also called Brownian motion. Brownian motion can be observed indirectly if an open ink glass is carefully placed in a water.

Figure: Glass of ink in water to demonstrate Brownian particle motionAnimation: Glass of ink in water to demonstrate Brownian particle motion

Even if the water and the ink are macroscopically completely at rest, one will notice after some time a mixing of the water with the ink. The reason for this is the Brownian motion of the particles which causes the water molecules (shown in red) and ink molecules (shown in blue) to mix due to permanent collisions. Differences in concentration are gradually balanced out. Such mixing of different substances is also called diffusion.

Figure: Illustration of Brownian particle motion with ballsAnimation: Illustration of Brownian particle motion with balls

Diffusion refers to the mixing of substances due to Brownian motion (striving for diffusion equilibrium)!

The higher the temperature, the faster the diffusion will be, because the stronger the molecule movement and thus the “mixing”.

In a similar way as the mixing of different gases or liquids can be attributed to Brownian motion, a movement of particles can also be observed in solids. Although the particles in solids are usually bound to a certain location by the electrostatic attraction forces, they oscillate more or less strongly around their rest position, depending on the temperature. Due to these oscillations of the particles (shown in red), foreign particles (shown in blue) can move through the atomic structure. The particles are “pushed” through the atomic structure, so to speak.

Figure: Diffusion in solidsAnimation: Diffusion in solids

As the temperature increases, the lattice oscillations increase and the distances between the oscillating particles increase too. This allows diffusing particles to move better through the lattice structure. Again applies: the higher the temperature, the faster the diffusion processes!

Diffusion is a temperature controlled process, i.e. the higher the temperature, the faster the diffusion!

How does the movement of the particle affect the temperature of the object?

The greater the motion of particles, the higher a substance's temperature and thermal energy. A substance's total thermal energy depends on its temperature, number of atoms, and physical state. More atoms and higher temperature mean more thermal energy.

How does the movement of particles of matter change when temperature decreases?

When a substance is heated, it gains thermal energy. Therefore, its particles move faster and its temperature rises. When a substance is cooled, it loses thermal energy, which causes its particles to move more slowly and its temperature to drop.

What happens when hot materials begin to cool hot materials begin to cool?

As a result, the warmer one will usually cool down and the cooler one will usually warm up. Eventually, they will reach the same temperature and heat flow will stop. When two objects are in contact, heat flows from the hotter object to the cooler.