Summary Pepsin is a protease indicated in the treatment of digestive disorders. Show Pepsin is a potent enzyme in gastric juice that digests proteins such as those in meat, eggs, seeds, and dairy products 12. Studies on gastric digestion from 1820-1840 led to the discovery of pepsin as the substance which, in the presence of stomach acid, causes nutrients including meat or coagulated egg whites to dissolve. Soon afterward, it was shown that these protein nutrients were cleaved by pepsin to products called peptones 2. Pepsin is often used as a replacement enzyme for those with pancreatic insufficiency 11. Stimulation of the pancreas and therefore enzymatic digestion of food is a tightly controlled and is a hormonally mediated process. Any changes or conditions affecting metabolic steps for successful digestion and absorption negatively affect pancreatic enzymatic secretion, entry into the intestine, functionality once inside the intestine, and appropriate mixing with foods/nutrients. Many causes of pancreatic insufficiency require that enzyme replacement therapy is started, including cystic fibrosis, pancreatic cancer, acute and chronic pancreatitis, as well as pancreatic surgery 11. Pepsin is approved by the FDA and is used in food at levels not to exceed current good manufacturing practice 17. Interestingly, it has been used as a marker for laryngopharyngeal reflux (LPR), which is a common illness of otolaryngology (ear, nose and throat specialist) visits 3. Interestingly, recent research has suggested that pepsin participates in the digestion of nucleic acids 22. TypeBiotechGroupsApproved, Experimental, InvestigationalBiologic ClassificationProtein Based TherapiesOther protein based therapiesProtein Chemical FormulaNot AvailableProtein Average WeightNot AvailableSequences > Pepsin A Sus Scrofa (Pig) MKWLLLLSLVVLSECLVKVPLVRKKSLRQNLIKNGKLKDFLKTHKHNPASKYFPEAAALI GDEPLENYLDTEYFGTIGIGTPAQDFTVIFDTGSSNLWVPSVYCSSLACSDHNQFNPDDS STFEATSQELSITYGTGSMTGILGYDTVQVGGISDTNQIFGLSETEPGSFLYYAPFDGIL GLAYPSISASGATPVFDNLWDQGLVSQDLFSVYLSSNDDSGSVVLLGGIDSSYYTGSLNW VPVSVEGYWQITLDSITMDGETIACSGGCQAIVDTGTSLLTGPTSAIANIQSDIGASENS DGEMVISCSSIDSLPDIVFTINGVQYPLSPSAYILQDDDSCTSGFEGMDVPTSSGELWIL GDVFIRQYYTVFDRANNKVGLAPVA Download FASTA Format Synonyms
Used as a pancreatic enzyme replacement in pancreatic insufficiency 11. It is intended to mimic naturally produced human pepsin 14. Pepsin powder is prepared from the gastric mucosa of pigs, cattle or sheep 19. In the laboratory, it is primarily used for the unspecific hydrolysis of proteins and peptides in acidic media. In addition, it provides limited hydrolysis of native immunoglobulins, yielding biologically active fragments 7. In certain supplements, pepsin may be combined with betaine and HCl (hydrochloric acid) to aid in digestion in various gastrointestinal conditions 14, 6.  Reduce drug development failure rates Build, train, & validate machine-learning models Build, train, & validate predictive machine-learning models with structured datasets. Associated Conditions
Avoid life-threatening adverse drug events Improve clinical decision support with information on contraindications & blackbox warnings, population restrictions, harmful risks, & more. Avoid life-threatening adverse drug events & improve clinical decision support. PharmacodynamicsPepsin digests protein 12. It classified by the FDA that is characterizing enzyme activity is that of a peptide hydrolase 17. Mechanism of actionGlands present in the mucous membrane lining of the stomach produce and store an inactive protein named pepsinogen. Impulses from the vagus nerve and the hormonal secretions of the hormones gastrin and secretin promote the release of pepsinogen into the stomach, where it is mixed with hydrochloric acid and quickly converted to the active enzyme pepsin. The digestive potency of pepsin is highest at the acidic pH of normal gastric juice. In the intestine, the gastric acids are then neutralized, and pepsin is no longer effective 12. Pepsin, the proteolytic enzyme of the stomach is normally responsible for less than 20% of the protein digestion occuring the gastrointestinal tract. It is an endopeptidase enzyme that metabolizes proteins to peptides. It preferentially hydrolyzes peptide linkages where one of the amino acids is aromatic. Pepsin, like other protease enzymes, is produced from an inactive precursor, pepsinogen, which is stored in granule form in the chief cells of the stomach and are released by a process called exocytosis 16. In the digestive tract, pepsin activity only contributes to the partial breakdown of proteins into smaller units called peptides, which then either are absorbed from the intestine into the bloodstream or are broken down further by pancreatic enzymes 12. AbsorptionNot Available Volume of distributionNot Available Protein bindingNot Available MetabolismPepsin is the first of several enzymes that digest proteins. In the stomach, polypeptide chains bind in the deep active site groove of pepsin, and are then digested into smaller pieces. Following this, a variety of proteases and peptidases in the intestine complete the process. The small fragments, which are amino acids and dipeptides, are then absorbed by cells for use as metabolic energy or construction of new proteins 15. Route of eliminationNot Available Half-lifeNot Available Not Available Adverse EffectsImprove decision support & research outcomes With structured adverse effects data, including: blackbox warnings, adverse reactions, warning & precautions, & incidence rates. Improve decision support & research outcomes with our structured adverse effects data. ToxicityOral LD50 Rat 90000 mg/kg MSDS Chronic backflow of pepsin, acid, and other substances from the stomach into the esophagus, is the basis of reflux conditions, particularly gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) and laryngopharyngeal reflux. In the latter, pepsin and acid travel all the way up to the larynx, where they can lead to damage of the laryngeal mucosa and lead to symptoms ranging from hoarseness of the voice and chronic cough to laryngospasm (involuntary contraction of the vocal cords) as well as laryngeal cancer 12. Though limited data is available on the toxicity of exogenous pepsin (not naturally produced in one's gastrointestinal tract), it can be extrapolated from the above-mentioned information that pepsin overdose may lead to mucosal tissue damage of the gastrointestinal tract. PathwaysNot AvailablePharmacogenomic Effects/ADRs Not AvailableDrug InteractionsThis information should not be interpreted without the help of a healthcare provider. If you believe you are experiencing an interaction, contact a healthcare provider immediately. The absence of an interaction does not necessarily mean no interactions exist.
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Drug created at June 23, 2017 20:37 / Updated at June 05, 2021 09:12 What is the function of pepsin in stomach?pepsin, the powerful enzyme in gastric juice that digests proteins such as those in meat, eggs, seeds, or dairy products. Pepsin is the mature active form of the zymogen (inactive protein) pepsinogen.
Where is pepsin in the digestive system?Pepsin /ˈpɛpsɪn/ is an endopeptidase that breaks down proteins into smaller peptides. It is produced in the gastric chief cells of the stomach lining and is one of the main digestive enzymes in the digestive systems of humans and many other animals, where it helps digest the proteins in food.
How does pepsin digest proteins?Pepsin cleaves peptide bonds in the amino-terminal side of the cyclic amino acid residues (tyrosine, phenylalanine, and tryptophan), breaking the polypeptide chains into smaller peptides (Fange and Grove, 1979).
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Pepsin is required for digestion in the stomach
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