Side effects of turmeric and black pepper

Curcuma, Curcuma Aromatica, Curcuma Domestica, Curcumae Longa, Curcumae Longae Rhizoma, Curcumin, Curcumine, Curcuminoid, Curcuminoïde, Curcuminoïdes, Curcuminoids, Halada, Haldi, Haridra, Indian Saffron, Nisha, Pian Jiang Huang, Racine de Curcuma, Radix Curcumae, Rajani, Rhizoma Cucurmae Longae, Safran Bourbon, Safran de Batallita, Safran des Indes, Turmeric Root, Yu Jin.

• Overview
• Uses
• Side Effects
• Precautions
• Interactions
• Dosing

Overview

Turmeric is a spice that comes from the turmeric plant. It is commonly used in Asian food. You probably know turmeric as the main spice in curry. It has a warm, bitter taste and is frequently used to flavor or color curry powders, mustards, butters, and cheeses. But the root of turmeric is also used widely to make medicine. It contains a yellow-colored chemical called curcumin, which is often used to color foods and cosmetics.

Turmeric is used for arthritis, heartburn (dyspepsia), joint pain, stomach pain, Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis, bypass surgery, hemorrhage, diarrhea, intestinal gas, stomach bloating, loss of appetite, jaundice, liver problems, Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infection, stomach ulcers, irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), gallbladder disorders, high cholesterol, a skin condition called lichen planus, skin inflammation from radiation treatment, and fatigue.

It is also used for headaches, bronchitis, colds, lung infections, fibromyalgia, leprosy, fever, menstrual problems, itchy skin, recovery after surgery, and cancers. Other uses include depression, Alzheimer's disease, swelling in the middle layer of the eye (anterior uveitis), diabetes, water retention, worms, an autoimmune disease called systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), tuberculosis, urinary bladder inflammation, and kidney problems.

Some people apply turmeric to the skin for pain, ringworm, sprains and swellings, bruising, leech bites, eye infections, acne, inflammatory skin conditions and skin sores, soreness inside of the mouth, infected wounds, and gum disease.

Turmeric is also used as an enema for people with inflammatory bowel disease.

In food and manufacturing, the essential oil of turmeric is used in perfumes, and its resin is used as a flavor and color component in foods.

Don't confuse turmeric with Javanese turmeric root (Curcuma zedoaria).

How does it work?

Turmeric contains the chemical curcumin. Curcumin and other chemicals in turmeric might decrease swelling (inflammation). Because of this, turmeric might be beneficial for treating conditions that involve inflammation.

SLIDESHOW

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References

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Jiang, H., Timmermann, B. N., and Gang, D. R. Use of liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry to identify diarylheptanoids in turmeric (Curcuma longa L.) rhizome. J Chromatogr.A 4-7-2006;1111(1):21-31. View abstract.

Joshi, J., Ghaisas, S., Vaidya, A., Vaidya, R., Kamat, D. V., Bhagwat, A. N., and Bhide, S. Early human safety study of turmeric oil (Curcuma longa oil) administered orally in healthy volunteers. J Assoc.Physicians India 2003;51:1055-1060. View abstract.

Juan, H., Terhaag, B., Cong, Z., Bi-Kui, Z., Rong-Hua, Z., Feng, W., Fen-Li, S., Juan, S., Jing, T., and Wen-Xing, P. Unexpected effect of concomitantly administered curcumin on the pharmacokinetics of talinolol in healthy Chinese volunteers. Eur.J Clin Pharmacol 2007;63(7):663-668. View abstract.

Kalpana, C. and Menon, V. P. Curcumin ameliorates oxidative stress during nicotine-induced lung toxicity in Wistar rats. Ital.J Biochem. 2004;53(2):82-86. View abstract.

Kalpana, C. and Menon, V. P. Modulatory effects of curcumin on lipid peroxidation and antioxidant status during nicotine-induced toxicity. Pol.J Pharmacol 2004;56(5):581-586. View abstract.

Kanai, M., Imaizumi, A., Otsuka, Y., Sasaki, H., Hashiguchi, M., Tsujiko, K., Matsumoto, S., Ishiguro, H., and Chiba, T. Dose-escalation and pharmacokinetic study of nanoparticle curcumin, a potential anticancer agent with improved bioavailability, in healthy human volunteers. Cancer Chemother.Pharmacol 2012;69(1):65-70. View abstract.

Kaur, G., Tirkey, N., Bharrhan, S., Chanana, V., Rishi, P., and Chopra, K. Inhibition of oxidative stress and cytokine activity by curcumin in amelioration of endotoxin-induced experimental hepatoxicity in rodents. Clin Exp.Immunol. 2006;145(2):313-321. View abstract.

Kawamori, T., Lubet, R., Steele, V. E., Kelloff, G. J., Kaskey, R. B., Rao, C. V., and Reddy, B. S. Chemopreventive effect of curcumin, a naturally occurring anti- inflammatory agent, during the promotion/progression stages of colon cancer. Cancer Res 2-1-1999;59(3):597-601. View abstract.

Khajehdehi, P., Zanjaninejad, B., Aflaki, E., Nazarinia, M., Azad, F., Malekmakan, L., and Dehghanzadeh, G. R. Oral supplementation of turmeric decreases proteinuria, hematuria, and systolic blood pressure in patients suffering from relapsing or refractory lupus nephritis: a randomized and placebo-controlled study. J Ren Nutr 2012;22(1):50-57. View abstract.

Khattak, S., Saeed, Ur Rehman, Ullah, Shah H., Ahmad, W., and Ahmad, M. Biological effects of indigenous medicinal plants Curcuma longa and Alpinia galanga. Fitoterapia 2005;76(2):254-257. View abstract.

Kheradpezhouh, E., Panjehshahin, M. R., Miri, R., Javidnia, K., Noorafshan, A., Monabati, A., and Dehpour, A. R. Curcumin protects rats against acetaminophen-induced hepatorenal damages and shows synergistic activity with N-acetyl cysteine. Eur.J Pharmacol 2-25-2010;628(1-3):274-281. View abstract.

Kiec-Swierczynska, M. and Krecisz, B. Occupational allergic contact dermatitis due to curcumin food colour in a pasta factory worker. Contact Dermatitis 1998;39(1):30-31. View abstract.

Kim, D. S., Park, S. Y., and Kim, J. K. Curcuminoids from Curcuma longa L. (Zingiberaceae) that protect PC12 rat pheochromocytoma and normal human umbilical vein endothelial cells from betaA(1-42) insult. Neurosci.Lett. 4-27-2001;303(1):57-61. View abstract.

Kim, H. J. and Jang, Y. P. Direct analysis of curcumin in turmeric by DART-MS. Phytochem.Anal. 2009;20(5):372-377. View abstract.

Kim, H. J., Yoo, H. S., Kim, J. C., Park, C. S., Choi, M. S., Kim, M., Choi, H., Min, J. S., Kim, Y. S., Yoon, S. W., and Ahn, J. K. Antiviral effect of Curcuma longa Linn extract against hepatitis B virus replication. J Ethnopharmacol. 7-15-2009;124(2):189-196. View abstract.

Kim, K., Kim, K. H., Kim, H. Y., Cho, H. K., Sakamoto, N., and Cheong, J. Curcumin inhibits hepatitis C virus replication via suppressing the Akt-SREBP-1 pathway. FEBS Lett. 2-19-2010;584(4):707-712. View abstract.

Koosirirat, C., Linpisarn, S., Changsom, D., Chawansuntati, K., and Wipasa, J. Investigation of the anti-inflammatory effect of Curcuma longa in Helicobacter pylori-infected patients. Int Immunopharmacol. 2010;10(7):815-818. View abstract.

Korutla, L. and Kumar, R. Inhibitory effect of curcumin on epidermal growth factor receptor kinase activity in A431 cells. Biochim.Biophys.Acta 12-30-1994;1224(3):597-600. View abstract.

Kositchaiwat, C., Kositchaiwat, S., and Havanondha, J. Curcuma longa Linn. in the treatment of gastric ulcer comparison to liquid antacid: a controlled clinical trial. J Med.Assoc.Thai. 1993;76(11):601-605. View abstract.

Kowluru, R. A. and Kanwar, M. Effects of curcumin on retinal oxidative stress and inflammation in diabetes. Nutr.Metab (Lond) 2007;4:8. View abstract.

Kulkarni, S. K., Bhutani, M. K., and Bishnoi, M. Antidepressant activity of curcumin: involvement of serotonin and dopamine system. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2008;201(3):435-442. View abstract.

Kumar, A. and Singh, A. Possible nitric oxide modulation in protective effect of (Curcuma longa, Zingiberaceae) against sleep deprivation-induced behavioral alterations and oxidative damage in mice. Phytomedicine. 2008;15(8):577-586. View abstract.

Kumar, A., Purwar, B., Shrivastava, A., and Pandey, S. Effects of curcumin on the intestinal motility of albino rats. Indian J Physiol Pharmacol 2010;54(3):284-288. View abstract.

Kuo, M. L., Huang, T. S., and Lin, J. K. Curcumin, an antioxidant and anti-tumor promoter, induces apoptosis in human leukemia cells. Biochim.Biophys.Acta 11-15-1996;1317(2):95-100. View abstract.

Kurien, B. T. Inhibition of p300 and nuclear factor-kappaB by curcumin and its role in diabetic nephropathy. Nutrition 2009;25(9):973-974. View abstract.

Kusuhara, H., Furuie, H., Inano, A., Sunagawa, A., Yamada, S., Wu, C., Fukizawa, S., Morimoto, N., Ieiri, I., Morishita, M., Sumita, K., Mayahara, H., Fujita, T., Maeda, K., and Sugiyama, Y. Pharmacokinetic interaction study of sulphasalazine in healthy subjects and the impact of curcumin as an in vivo inhibitor of BCRP. Br J Pharmacol 2012;166(6):1793-1803. View abstract.

Kutluay, S. B., Doroghazi, J., Roemer, M. E., and Triezenberg, S. J. Curcumin inhibits herpes simplex virus immediate-early gene expression by a mechanism independent of p300/CBP histone acetyltransferase activity. Virology 4-10-2008;373(2):239-247. View abstract.

Kuwabara, N., Tamada, S., Iwai, T., Teramoto, K., Kaneda, N., Yukimura, T., Nakatani, T., and Miura, K. Attenuation of renal fibrosis by curcumin in rat obstructive nephropathy. Urology 2006;67(2):440-446. View abstract.

Lamb, S. R. and Wilkinson, S. M. Contact allergy to tetrahydrocurcumin. Contact Dermatitis 2003;48(4):227. View abstract.

Lantz, R. C., Chen, G. J., Solyom, A. M., Jolad, S. D., and Timmermann, B. N. The effect of turmeric extracts on inflammatory mediator production. Phytomedicine. 2005;12(6-7):445-452. View abstract.

Lao, C. D., Ruffin, M. T., Normolle, D., Heath, D. D., Murray, S. I., Bailey, J. M., Boggs, M. E., Crowell, J., Rock, C. L., and Brenner, D. E. Dose escalation of a curcuminoid formulation. BMC.Complement Altern.Med. 2006;6:10. View abstract.

Lee, J. C., Kinniry, P. A., Arguiri, E., Serota, M., Kanterakis, S., Chatterjee, S., Solomides, C. C., Javvadi, P., Koumenis, C., Cengel, K. A., and Christofidou-Solomidou, M. Dietary curcumin increases antioxidant defenses in lung, ameliorates radiation-induced pulmonary fibrosis, and improves survival in mice. Radiat.Res 2010;173(5):590-601. View abstract.

Leite, K. R., Chade, D. C., Sanudo, A., Sakiyama, B. Y., Batocchio, G., and Srougi, M. Effects of curcumin in an orthotopic murine bladder tumor model. Int.Braz.J Urol. 2009;35(5):599-606. View abstract.

Li, H., van Berlo, D., Shi, T., Speit, G., Knaapen, A. M., Borm, P. J., Albrecht, C., and Schins, R. P. Curcumin protects against cytotoxic and inflammatory effects of quartz particles but causes oxidative DNA damage in a rat lung epithelial cell line. Toxicol Appl.Pharmacol 2-15-2008;227(1):115-124. View abstract.

Li, W. Q., Dehnade, F., and Zafarullah, M. Oncostatin M-induced matrix metalloproteinase and tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-3 genes expression in chondrocytes requires Janus kinase/STAT signaling pathway. J Immunol. 3-1-2001;166(5):3491-3498. View abstract.

Li, W., Wang, S., Feng, J., Xiao, Y., Xue, X., Zhang, H., Wang, Y., and Liang, X. Structure elucidation and NMR assignments for curcuminoids from the rhizomes of Curcuma longa. Magn Reson.Chem. 2009;47(10):902-908. View abstract.

Li, W., Xiao, H., Wang, L., and Liang, X. [Analysis of minor curcuminoids in Curcuma longa L. by high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry]. Se.Pu. 2009;27(3):264-269. View abstract.

Li, Y. C., Wang, F. M., Pan, Y., Qiang, L. Q., Cheng, G., Zhang, W. Y., and Kong, L. D. Antidepressant-like effects of curcumin on serotonergic receptor-coupled AC-cAMP pathway in chronic unpredictable mild stress of rats. Prog.Neuropsychopharmacol.Biol.Psychiatry 4-30-2009;33(3):435-449. View abstract.

Lian, Q., Li, X., Shang, Y., Yao, S., Ma, L., and Jin, S. Protective effect of curcumin on endotoxin-induced acute lung injury in rats. J Huazhong.Univ Sci.Technolog.Med.Sci. 2006;26(6):678-681. View abstract.

Liddle, M., Hull, C., Liu, C., and Powell, D. Contact urticaria from curcumin. Dermatitis 2006;17(4):196-197. View abstract.

Lim, G. P., Chu, T., Yang, F., Beech, W., Frautschy, S. A., and Cole, G. M. The curry spice curcumin reduces oxidative damage and amyloid pathology in an Alzheimer transgenic mouse. J Neurosci. 11-1-2001;21(21):8370-8377. View abstract.

Lin, R., Chen, X., Li, W., Han, Y., Liu, P., and Pi, R. Exposure to metal ions regulates mRNA levels of APP and BACE1 in PC12 cells: blockage by curcumin. Neurosci.Lett. 8-8-2008;440(3):344-347. View abstract.

Literat, A., Su, F., Norwicki, M., Durand, M., Ramanathan, R., Jones, C. A., Minoo, P., and Kwong, K. Y. Regulation of pro-inflammatory cytokine expression by curcumin in hyaline membrane disease (HMD). Life Sci. 12-7-2001;70(3):253-267. View abstract.

Madden, K., Flowers, L., Salani, R., Horowitz, I., Logan, S., Kowalski, K., Xie, J., and Mohammed, S. I. Proteomics-based approach to elucidate the mechanism of antitumor effect of curcumin in cervical cancer. Prostaglandins Leukot.Essent.Fatty Acids 2009;80(1):9-18. View abstract.

Madkor, H. R., Mansour, S. W., and Ramadan, G. Modulatory effects of garlic, ginger, turmeric and their mixture on hyperglycaemia, dyslipidaemia and oxidative stress in streptozotocin-nicotinamide diabetic rats. Br J Nutr 2011;105(8):1210-1217. View abstract.

Mahattanadul, S., Nakamura, T., Panichayupakaranant, P., Phdoongsombut, N., Tungsinmunkong, K., and Bouking, P. Comparative antiulcer effect of bisdemethoxycurcumin and curcumin in a gastric ulcer model system. Phytomedicine. 2009;16(4):342-351. View abstract.

Mahesh, T., Balasubashini, M. S., and Menon, V. P. Effect of photo-irradiated curcumin treatment against oxidative stress in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. J Med.Food 2005;8(2):251-255. View abstract.

Mahesh, T., Sri Balasubashini, M. M., and Menon, V. P. Photo-irradiated curcumin supplementation in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats: effect on lipid peroxidation. Therapie 2004;59(6):639-644. View abstract.

Mani, H., Sidhu, G. S., Kumari, R., Gaddipati, J. P., Seth, P., and Maheshwari, R. K. Curcumin differentially regulates TGF-beta1, its receptors and nitric oxide synthase during impaired wound healing. Biofactors 2002;16(1-2):29-43. View abstract.

Manzan, A. C., Toniolo, F. S., Bredow, E., and Povh, N. P. Extraction of essential oil and pigments from Curcuma longa [L] by steam distillation and extraction with volatile solvents. J Agric.Food Chem. 11-5-2003;51(23):6802-6807. View abstract.

Mehta, K., Pantazis, P., McQueen, T., and Aggarwal, B. B. Antiproliferative effect of curcumin (diferuloylmethane) against human breast tumor cell lines. Anticancer Drugs 1997;8(5):470-481. View abstract.

Meja, K. K., Rajendrasozhan, S., Adenuga, D., Biswas, S. K., Sundar, I. K., Spooner, G., Marwick, J. A., Chakravarty, P., Fletcher, D., Whittaker, P., Megson, I. L., Kirkham, P. A., and Rahman, I. Curcumin restores corticosteroid function in monocytes exposed to oxidants by maintaining HDAC2. Am.J Respir.Cell Mol.Biol. 2008;39(3):312-323. View abstract.

Meselhy, M. R. Inhibition of LPS-induced NO production by the oleogum resin of Commiphora wightii and its constituents. Phytochemistry 2003;62(2):213-218. View abstract.

Mishra, R. K. and Singh, S. K. Reversible antifertility effect of aqueous rhizome extract of Curcuma longa L. in male laboratory mice. Contraception 2009;79(6):479-487. View abstract.

Moghaddam, S. J., Barta, P., Mirabolfathinejad, S. G., Ammar-Aouchiche, Z., Garza, N. T., Vo, T. T., Newman, R. A., Aggarwal, B. B., Evans, C. M., Tuvim, M. J., Lotan, R., and Dickey, B. F. Curcumin inhibits COPD-like airway inflammation and lung cancer progression in mice. Carcinogenesis 2009;30(11):1949-1956. View abstract.

Mohammadi, A., Sahebkar, A., Iranshahi, M., Amini, M., Khojasteh, R., Ghayour-Mobarhan, M., and Ferns, G. A. Effects of supplementation with curcuminoids on dyslipidemia in obese patients: a randomized crossover trial. Phytother Res 2013;27(3):374-379. View abstract.

Molnar, V. and Garai, J. Plant-derived anti-inflammatory compounds affect MIF tautomerase activity. Int.Immunopharmacol. 2005;5(5):849-856. View abstract.

Moon, D. O., Jin, C. Y., Lee, J. D., Choi, Y. H., Ahn, S. C., Lee, C. M., Jeong, S. C., Park, Y. M., and Kim, G. Y. Curcumin decreases binding of Shiga-like toxin-1B on human intestinal epithelial cell line HT29 stimulated with TNF-alpha and IL-1beta: suppression of p38, JNK and NF-kappaB p65 as potential targets. Biol.Pharm Bull. 2006;29(7):1470-1475. View abstract.

Moon, D. O., Kim, M. O., Lee, H. J., Choi, Y. H., Park, Y. M., Heo, M. S., and Kim, G. Y. Curcumin attenuates ovalbumin-induced airway inflammation by regulating nitric oxide. Biochem.Biophys.Res Commun. 10-17-2008;375(2):275-279. View abstract.

Mrudula, T., Suryanarayana, P., Srinivas, P. N., and Reddy, G. B. Effect of curcumin on hyperglycemia-induced vascular endothelial growth factor expression in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rat retina. Biochem.Biophys.Res Commun. 9-21-2007;361(2):528-532. View abstract.

Mukherjee, S., Roy, M., Dey, S., and Bhattacharya, R. K. A Mechanistic Approach for Modulation of Arsenic Toxicity in Human Lymphocytes by Curcumin, an Active Constituent of Medicinal Herb Curcuma longa Linn. J Clin Biochem.Nutr. 2007;41(1):32-42. View abstract.

Mun, S. H., Kim, H. S., Kim, J. W., Ko, N. Y., Kim, do K., Lee, B. Y., Kim, B., Won, H. S., Shin, H. S., Han, J. W., Lee, H. Y., Kim, Y. M., and Choi, W. S. Oral administration of curcumin suppresses production of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-1 and MMP-3 to ameliorate collagen-induced arthritis: inhibition of the PKCdelta/JNK/c-Jun pathway. J Pharmacol Sci. 2009;111(1):13-21. View abstract.

Murugan, P. and Pari, L. Influence of tetrahydrocurcumin on erythrocyte membrane bound enzymes and antioxidant status in experimental type 2 diabetic rats. J Ethnopharmacol. 9-25-2007;113(3):479-486. View abstract.

Nagabhushan, M., Amonkar, A. J., and Bhide, S. V. In vitro antimutagenicity of curcumin against environmental mutagens. Food Chem.Toxicol. 1987;25(7):545-547. View abstract.

Nakmareong, S., Kukongviriyapan, U., Pakdeechote, P., Donpunha, W., Kukongviriyapan, V., Kongyingyoes, B., Sompamit, K., and Phisalaphong, C. Antioxidant and vascular protective effects of curcumin and tetrahydrocurcumin in rats with L-NAME-induced hypertension. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol 2011;383(5):519-529. View abstract.

Nan, B., Lin, P., Lumsden, A. B., Yao, Q., and Chen, C. Effects of TNF-alpha and curcumin on the expression of thrombomodulin and endothelial protein C receptor in human endothelial cells. Thromb.Res 2005;115(5):417-426. View abstract.

Nan, B., Yang, H., Yan, S., Lin, P. H., Lumsden, A. B., Yao, Q., and Chen, C. C-reactive protein decreases expression of thrombomodulin and endothelial protein C receptor in human endothelial cells. Surgery 2005;138(2):212-222. View abstract.

Nayak, S. and Sashidhar, R. B. Metabolic intervention of aflatoxin B1 toxicity by curcumin. J Ethnopharmacol. 2-17-2010;127(3):641-644. View abstract.

Naz, R. K. Can curcumin provide an ideal contraceptive? Mol.Reprod.Dev 2011;78(2):116-123. View abstract.

Nemavarkar, P., Chourasia, B. K., and Pasupathy, K. Evaluation of radioprotective action of compounds using Saccharomyces cerevisiae. J Environ.Pathol.Toxicol Oncol. 2004;23(2):145-151. View abstract.

Nguyen, K. T., Shaikh, N., Shukla, K. P., Su, S. H., Eberhart, R. C., and Tang, L. Molecular responses of vascular smooth muscle cells and phagocytes to curcumin-eluting bioresorbable stent materials. Biomaterials 2004;25(23):5333-5346. View abstract.

Nishiyama, T., Mae, T., Kishida, H., Tsukagawa, M., Mimaki, Y., Kuroda, M., Sashida, Y., Takahashi, K., Kawada, T., Nakagawa, K., and Kitahara, M. Curcuminoids and sesquiterpenoids in turmeric (Curcuma longa L.) suppress an increase in blood glucose level in type 2 diabetic KK-Ay mice. J Agric.Food Chem. 2-23-2005;53(4):959-963. View abstract.

NTP Toxicology and Carcinogenesis Studies of Turmeric Oleoresin (CAS No. 8024-37-1) (Major Component 79%-85% Curcumin, CAS No. 458-37-7) in F344/N Rats and B6C3F1 Mice (Feed Studies). Natl.Toxicol Program.Tech.Rep.Ser. 1993;427:1-275. View abstract.

O'Mahony, R., Al Khtheeri, H., Weerasekera, D., Fernando, N., Vaira, D., Holton, J., and Basset, C. Bactericidal and anti-adhesive properties of culinary and medicinal plants against Helicobacter pylori. World J Gastroenterol. 12-21-2005;11(47):7499-7507. View abstract.

Oetari, S., Sudibyo, M., Commandeur, J. N., Samhoedi, R., and Vermeulen, N. P. Effects of curcumin on cytochrome P450 and glutathione S-transferase activities in rat liver. Biochem Pharmacol 1-12-1996;51(1):39-45. View abstract.

Olszanecki, R., Gebska, A., and Korbut, R. The role of haem oxygenase-1 in the decrease of endothelial intercellular adhesion molecule-1 expression by curcumin. Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol 2007;101(6):411-415. View abstract.

Panahi, Y., Sahebkar, A., Amiri, M., Davoudi, S. M., Beiraghdar, F., Hoseininejad, S. L., and Kolivand, M. Improvement of sulphur mustard-induced chronic pruritus, quality of life and antioxidant status by curcumin: results of a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Br J Nutr 2012;108(7):1272-1279. View abstract.

Panahi, Y., Sahebkar, A., Parvin, S., and Saadat, A. A randomized controlled trial on the anti-inflammatory effects of curcumin in patients with chronic sulphur mustard-induced cutaneous complications. Ann.Clin Biochem. 2012;49(Pt 6):580-588. View abstract.

Panchatcharam, M., Miriyala, S., Gayathri, V. S., and Suguna, L. Curcumin improves wound healing by modulating collagen and decreasing reactive oxygen species. Mol.Cell Biochem. 2006;290(1-2):87-96. View abstract.

Paramasivam, S., Thangaradjou, T., and Kannan, L. Effect of natural preservatives on the growth of histamine producing bacteria. J Environ.Biol. 2007;28(2):271-274. View abstract.

Park, B. S., Kim, J. G., Kim, M. R., Lee, S. E., Takeoka, G. R., Oh, K. B., and Kim, J. H. Curcuma longa L. constituents inhibit sortase A and Staphylococcus aureus cell adhesion to fibronectin. J Agric.Food Chem. 11-16-2005;53(23):9005-9009. View abstract.

Park, C., Moon, D. O., Choi, I. W., Choi, B. T., Nam, T. J., Rhu, C. H., Kwon, T. K., Lee, W. H., Kim, G. Y., and Choi, Y. H. Curcumin induces apoptosis and inhibits prostaglandin E(2) production in synovial fibroblasts of patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Int.J Mol.Med. 2007;20(3):365-372. View abstract.

Park, E. J., Jeon, C. H., Ko, G., Kim, J., and Sohn, D. H. Protective effect of curcumin in rat liver injury induced by carbon tetrachloride. J Pharm Pharmacol 2000;52(4):437-440. View abstract.

Park, S. Y. and Kim, D. S. Discovery of natural products from Curcuma longa that protect cells from beta-amyloid insult: a drug discovery effort against Alzheimer's disease. J Nat.Prod. 2002;65(9):1227-1231. View abstract.

Parshad, R., Sanford, K. K., Price, F. M., Steele, V. E., Tarone, R. E., Kelloff, G. J., and Boone, C. W. Protective action of plant polyphenols on radiation-induced chromatid breaks in cultured human cells. Anticancer Res 1998;18(5A):3263-3266. View abstract.

Patel, S. S., Shah, R. S., and Goyal, R. K. Antihyperglycemic, antihyperlipidemic and antioxidant effects of Dihar, a polyherbal ayurvedic formulation in streptozotocin induced diabetic rats. Indian J Exp.Biol. 2009;47(7):564-570. View abstract.

Patumraj, S., Wongeakin, N., Sridulyakul, P., Jariyapongskul, A., Futrakul, N., and Bunnag, S. Combined effects of curcumin and vitamin C to protect endothelial dysfunction in the iris tissue of STZ-induced diabetic rats. Clin Hemorheol.Microcirc. 2006;35(4):481-489. View abstract.

Pavithra, B. H., Prakash, N., and Jayakumar, K. Modification of pharmacokinetics of norfloxacin following oral administration of curcumin in rabbits. J Vet.Sci. 2009;10(4):293-297. View abstract.

Peeyush, K. T., Gireesh, G., Jobin, M., and Paulose, C. S. Neuroprotective role of curcumin in the cerebellum of streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Life Sci. 11-4-2009;85(19-20):704-710. View abstract.

Perez-Arriaga, L., Mendoza-Magana, M. L., Cortes-Zarate, R., Corona-Rivera, A., Bobadilla-Morales, L., Troyo-Sanroman, R., and Ramirez-Herrera, M. A. Cytotoxic effect of curcumin on Giardia lamblia trophozoites. Acta Trop. 2006;98(2):152-161. View abstract.

Peschel, D., Koerting, R., and Nass, N. Curcumin induces changes in expression of genes involved in cholesterol homeostasis. J Nutr.Biochem. 2007;18(2):113-119. View abstract.

Platel, K. and Srinivasan, K. Influence of dietary spices and their active principles on pancreatic digestive enzymes in albino rats. Nahrung 2000;44(1):42-46. View abstract.

Pongchaidecha, A., Lailerd, N., Boonprasert, W., and Chattipakorn, N. Effects of curcuminoid supplement on cardiac autonomic status in high-fat-induced obese rats. Nutrition 2009;25(7-8):870-878. View abstract.

Pungcharoenkul, K. and Thongnopnua, P. Effect of different curcuminoid supplement dosages on total in vivo antioxidant capacity and cholesterol levels of healthy human subjects. Phytother Res 2011;25(11):1721-1726. View abstract.

Punithavathi, D., Venkatesan, N., and Babu, M. Curcumin inhibition of bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis in rats. Br.J Pharmacol 2000;131(2):169-172. View abstract.

Punithavathi, D., Venkatesan, N., and Babu, M. Protective effects of curcumin against amiodarone-induced pulmonary fibrosis in rats. Br.J Pharmacol 2003;139(7):1342-1350. View abstract.

Qin, N. Y., Yang, F. Q., Wang, Y. T., and Li, S. P. Quantitative determination of eight components in rhizome (Jianghuang) and tuberous root (Yujin) of Curcuma longa using pressurized liquid extraction and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. J Pharm Biomed.Anal. 1-17-2007;43(2):486-492. View abstract.

Quiles, J. L., Mesa, M. D., Ramirez-Tortosa, C. L., Aguilera, C. M., Battino, M., Gil, A., and Ramirez-Tortosa, M. C. Curcuma longa extract supplementation reduces oxidative stress and attenuates aortic fatty streak development in rabbits. Arterioscler.Thromb.Vasc.Biol. 7-1-2002;22(7):1225-1231. View abstract.

Rafatullah, S., Tariq, M., Al Yahya, M. A., Mossa, J. S., and Ageel, A. M. Evaluation of turmeric (Curcuma longa) for gastric and duodenal antiulcer activity in rats. J Ethnopharmacol. 1990;29(1):25-34. View abstract.

Rai, D., Singh, J. K., Roy, N., and Panda, D. Curcumin inhibits FtsZ assembly: an attractive mechanism for its antibacterial activity. Biochem.J 2-15-2008;410(1):147-155. View abstract.

Ram, A., Das, M., and Ghosh, B. Curcumin attenuates allergen-induced airway hyperresponsiveness in sensitized guinea pigs. Biol.Pharm Bull. 2003;26(7):1021-1024. View abstract.

Ramaswami, G., Chai, H., Yao, Q., Lin, P. H., Lumsden, A. B., and Chen, C. Curcumin blocks homocysteine-induced endothelial dysfunction in porcine coronary arteries. J Vasc.Surg. 2004;40(6):1216-1222. View abstract.

Ramirez-Bosca, A., Soler, A., Carrion, M. A., Diaz-Alperi, J., Bernd, A., Quintanilla, C., Quintanilla, Almagro E., and Miquel, J. An hydroalcoholic extract of curcuma longa lowers the apo B/apo A ratio. Implications for atherogenesis prevention. Mech.Ageing Dev. 10-20-2000;119(1-2):41-47. View abstract.

Ramirez-Tortosa, M. C., Ramirez-Tortosa, C. L., Mesa, M. D., Granados, S., Gil, A., and Quiles, J. L. Curcumin ameliorates rabbits's steatohepatitis via respiratory chain, oxidative stress, and TNF-alpha. Free Radic.Biol.Med. 10-1-2009;47(7):924-931. View abstract.

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Rao, C. V., Simi, B., and Reddy, B. S. Inhibition by dietary curcumin of azoxymethane-induced ornithine decarboxylase, tyrosine protein kinase, arachidonic acid metabolism and aberrant crypt foci formation in the rat colon. Carcinogenesis 1993;14(11):2219-2225. View abstract.

Rastogi, M., Ojha, R. P., Rajamanickam, G. V., Agrawal, A., Aggarwal, A., and Dubey, G. P. Curcuminoids modulates oxidative damage and mitochondrial dysfunction in diabetic rat brain. Free Radic.Res 2008;42(11-12):999-1005. View abstract.

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Reyes-Gordillo, K., Segovia, J., Shibayama, M., Tsutsumi, V., Vergara, P., Moreno, M. G., and Muriel, P. Curcumin prevents and reverses cirrhosis induced by bile duct obstruction or CCl4 in rats: role of TGF-beta modulation and oxidative stress. Fundam.Clin Pharmacol 2008;22(4):417-427. View abstract.

Reyes-Gordillo, K., Segovia, J., Shibayama, M., Vergara, P., Moreno, M. G., and Muriel, P. Curcumin protects against acute liver damage in the rat by inhibiting NF-kappaB, proinflammatory cytokines production and oxidative stress. Biochim.Biophys.Acta 2007;1770(6):989-996. View abstract.

Rezvani, M. and Ross, G. A. Modification of radiation-induced acute oral mucositis in the rat. Int.J Radiat.Biol. 2004;80(2):177-182. View abstract.

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Romero, M. R., Efferth, T., Serrano, M. A., Castano, B., Macias, R. I., Briz, O., and Marin, J. J. Effect of artemisinin/artesunate as inhibitors of hepatitis B virus production in an "in vitro" replicative system. Antiviral Res 2005;68(2):75-83. View abstract.

Rukkumani, R., Aruna, K., Varma, P. S., and Menon, V. P. Curcumin influences hepatic expression patterns of matrix metalloproteinases in liver toxicity. Ital.J Biochem. 2004;53(2):61-66. View abstract.

Sahin, Kavakli H., Koca, C., and Alici, O. Antioxidant effects of curcumin in spinal cord injury in rats. Ulus.Travma.Acil.Cerrahi.Derg. 2011;17(1):14-18. View abstract.

Salh, B. S., Assi, K., Templeman, V., Parhar, K., Owen, D., Gomez-Munoz, A., and Jacobson, K. Curcumin attenuates DNB-induced murine colitis. Am.J Physiol Gastrointest.Liver Physiol 3-13-2003; View abstract.

Satoskar, R. R., Shah, S. J., and Shenoy, S. G. Evaluation of anti-inflammatory property of curcumin (diferuloyl methane) in patients with postoperative inflammation. Int.J Clin Pharmacol Ther.Toxicol. 1986;24(12):651-654. View abstract.

Seo, K. I., Choi, M. S., Jung, U. J., Kim, H. J., Yeo, J., Jeon, S. M., and Lee, M. K. Effect of curcumin supplementation on blood glucose, plasma insulin, and glucose homeostasis related enzyme activities in diabetic db/db mice. Mol.Nutr.Food Res 2008;52(9):995-1004. View abstract.

Shahiduzzaman, M., Dyachenko, V., Khalafalla, R. E., Desouky, A. Y., and Daugschies, A. Effects of curcumin on Cryptosporidium parvum in vitro. Parasitol.Res 2009;105(4):1155-1161. View abstract.

Sharma, R. A., Euden, S. A., Platton, S. L., Cooke, D. N., Shafayat, A., Hewitt, H. R., Marczylo, T. H., Morgan, B., Hemingway, D., Plummer, S. M., Pirmohamed, M., Gescher, A. J., and Steward, W. P. Phase I clinical trial of oral curcumin: biomarkers of systemic activity and compliance. Clin Cancer Res 10-15-2004;10(20):6847-6854. View abstract.

Sharma, S., Kulkarni, S. K., Agrewala, J. N., and Chopra, K. Curcumin attenuates thermal hyperalgesia in a diabetic mouse model of neuropathic pain. Eur.J Pharmacol 5-1-2006;536(3):256-261. View abstract.

Shimmyo, Y., Kihara, T., Akaike, A., Niidome, T., and Sugimoto, H. Epigallocatechin-3-gallate and curcumin suppress amyloid beta-induced beta-site APP cleaving enzyme-1 upregulation. Neuroreport 8-27-2008;19(13):1329-1333. View abstract.

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Shoskes, D. A. Effect of bioflavonoids quercetin and curcumin on ischemic renal injury: a new class of renoprotective agents. Transplantation 7-27-1998;66(2):147-152. View abstract.

Shu, J. C., He, Y. J., Lv, X., Ye, G. R., and Wang, L. X. Curcumin prevents liver fibrosis by inducing apoptosis and suppressing activation of hepatic stellate cells. J Nat.Med. 2009;63(4):415-420. View abstract.

Shubha, M. C., Reddy, R. R., and Srinivasan, K. Antilithogenic influence of dietary capsaicin and curcumin during experimental induction of cholesterol gallstone in mice. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2011;36(2):201-209. View abstract.

Sivalingam, N., Hanumantharaya, R., Faith, M., Basivireddy, J., Balasubramanian, K. A., and Jacob, M. Curcumin reduces indomethacin-induced damage in the rat small intestine. J Appl.Toxicol 2007;27(6):551-560. View abstract.

Smith, M. R., Gangireddy, S. R., Narala, V. R., Hogaboam, C. M., Standiford, T. J., Christensen, P. J., Kondapi, A. K., and Reddy, R. C. Curcumin inhibits fibrosis-related effects in IPF fibroblasts and in mice following bleomycin-induced lung injury. Am.J Physiol Lung Cell Mol.Physiol 1-8-2010; View abstract.

Song, E. K., Cho, H., Kim, J. S., Kim, N. Y., An, N. H., Kim, J. A., Lee, S. H., and Kim, Y. C. Diarylheptanoids with free radical scavenging and hepatoprotective activity in vitro from Curcuma longa. Planta Med. 2001;67(9):876-877. View abstract.

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Srivastava, K. C., Bordia, A., and Verma, S. K. Curcumin, a major component of food spice turmeric (Curcuma longa) inhibits aggregation and alters eicosanoid metabolism in human blood platelets. Prostaglandins Leukot.Essent.Fatty Acids 1995;52(4):223-227. View abstract.

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Sugimoto, K., Hanai, H., Tozawa, K., Aoshi, T., Uchijima, M., Nagata, T., and Koide, Y. Curcumin prevents and ameliorates trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid-induced colitis in mice. Gastroenterology 2002;123(6):1912-1922. View abstract.

Sumiyoshi, M. and Kimura, Y. Effects of a turmeric extract (Curcuma longa) on chronic ultraviolet B irradiation-induced skin damage in melanin-possessing hairless mice. Phytomedicine. 2009;16(12):1137-1143. View abstract.

Suzuki, M., Betsuyaku, T., Ito, Y., Nagai, K., Odajima, N., Moriyama, C., Nasuhara, Y., and Nishimura, M. Curcumin attenuates elastase- and cigarette smoke-induced pulmonary emphysema in mice. Am.J Physiol Lung Cell Mol.Physiol 2009;296(4):L614-L623. View abstract.

Tanaka, K., Kuba, Y., Sasaki, T., Hiwatashi, F., and Komatsu, K. Quantitation of curcuminoids in curcuma rhizome by near-infrared spectroscopic analysis. J Agric.Food Chem. 10-8-2008;56(19):8787-8792. View abstract.

Tang, Y. H., Bao, M. W., Yang, B., Zhang, Y., Zhang, B. S., Zhou, Q., Chen, J. L., and Huang, C. X. [Curcumin attenuates left ventricular dysfunction and remodeling in rabbits with chronic heart failure.]. Zhonghua Xin.Xue.Guan.Bing.Za Zhi. 2009;37(3):262-267. View abstract.

Tanwar, V., Sachdeva, J., Golechha, M., Kumari, S., and Arya, D. S. Curcumin protects rat myocardium against isoproterenol-induced ischemic injury: attenuation of ventricular dysfunction through increased expression of Hsp27 along with strengthening antioxidant defense system. J Cardiovasc.Pharmacol 2010;55(4):377-384. View abstract.

Tanwar, V., Sachdeva, J., Kishore, K., Mittal, R., Nag, T. C., Ray, R., Kumari, S., and Arya, D. S. Dose-dependent actions of curcumin in experimentally induced myocardial necrosis: a biochemical, histopathological, and electron microscopic evidence. Cell Biochem.Funct. 2010;28(1):74-82. View abstract.

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Tikoo, K., Meena, R. L., Kabra, D. G., and Gaikwad, A. B. Change in post-translational modifications of histone H3, heat-shock protein-27 and MAP kinase p38 expression by curcumin in streptozotocin-induced type I diabetic nephropathy. Br.J Pharmacol 2008;153(6):1225-1231. View abstract.

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Ukil, A., Maity, S., Karmakar, S., Datta, N., Vedasiromoni, J. R., and Das, P. K. Curcumin, the major component of food flavour turmeric, reduces mucosal injury in trinitrobenzene sulphonic acid-induced colitis. Br.J Pharmacol 2003;139(2):209-218. View abstract.

Usharani, P., Mateen, A. A., Naidu, M. U., Raju, Y. S., and Chandra, N. Effect of NCB-02, atorvastatin and placebo on endothelial function, oxidative stress and inflammatory markers in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: a randomized, parallel-group, placebo-controlled, 8-week study. Drugs R.D. 2008;9(4):243-250. View abstract.

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Vareed, S. K., Kakarala, M., Ruffin, M. T., Crowell, J. A., Normolle, D. P., Djuric, Z., and Brenner, D. E. Pharmacokinetics of curcumin conjugate metabolites in healthy human subjects. Cancer Epidemiol.Biomarkers Prev. 2008;17(6):1411-1417. View abstract.

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Vitaglione, P., Barone, Lumaga R., Ferracane, R., Radetsky, I., Mennella, I., Schettino, R., Koder, S., Shimoni, E., and Fogliano, V. Curcumin bioavailability from enriched bread: the effect of microencapsulated ingredients. J Agric.Food Chem 4-4-2012;60(13):3357-3366. View abstract.

Vizzutti, F., Provenzano, A., Galastri, S., Milani, S., Delogu, W., Novo, E., Caligiuri, A., Zamara, E., Arena, U., Laffi, G., Parola, M., Pinzani, M., and Marra, F. Curcumin limits the fibrogenic evolution of experimental steatohepatitis. Lab Invest 2010;90(1):104-115. View abstract.

Voznesens'ka, T. I., Bryzhina, T. M., Sukhina, V. S., Makohon, N. V., and Aleksieieva, I. M. [Effect of NF-kappaB activation inhibitor curcumin on the oogenesis and follicular cell death in immune ovarian failure in mice]. Fiziol.Zh. 2010;56(4):96-101. View abstract.

Waghmare, P. F., Chaudhari, A. U., Karhadkar, V. M., and Jamkhande, A. S. Comparative evaluation of turmeric and chlorhexidine gluconate mouthwash in prevention of plaque formation and gingivitis: a clinical and microbiological study. J Contemp.Dent Pract. 2011;12(4):221-224. View abstract.

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Wang, B. M., Zhai, C. Y., Fang, W. L., Chen, X., Jiang, K., and Wang, Y. M. [The inhibitory effect of curcumin on the proliferation of HT-29 colonic cancer cell induced by deoxycholic acid]. Zhonghua Nei Ke.Za Zhi. 2009;48(9):760-763. View abstract.

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Weisberg, S. P., Leibel, R., and Tortoriello, D. V. Dietary curcumin significantly improves obesity-associated inflammation and diabetes in mouse models of diabesity. Endocrinology 2008;149(7):3549-3558. View abstract.

Wessler, S., Muenzner, P., Meyer, T. F., and Naumann, M. The anti-inflammatory compound curcumin inhibits Neisseria gonorrhoeae-induced NF-kappaB signaling, release of pro-inflammatory cytokines/chemokines and attenuates adhesion in late infection. Biol.Chem. 2005;386(5):481-490. View abstract.

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Wongcharoen, W., Jai-Aue, S., Phrommintikul, A., Nawarawong, W., Woragidpoonpol, S., Tepsuwan, T., Sukonthasarn, A., Apaijai, N., and Chattipakorn, N. Effects of curcuminoids on frequency of acute myocardial infarction after coronary artery bypass grafting. Am J Cardiol 7-1-2012;110(1):40-44. View abstract.

Wu, J. C., Lai, C. S., Badmaev, V., Nagabhushanam, K., Ho, C. T., and Pan, M. H. Tetrahydrocurcumin, a major metabolite of curcumin, induced autophagic cell death through coordinative modulation of PI3K/Akt-mTOR and MAPK signaling pathways in human leukemia HL-60 cells. Mol.Nutr Food Res 2011;55(11):1646-1654. View abstract.

Xu, P. H., Long, Y., Dai, F., and Liu, Z. L. The relaxant effect of curcumin on porcine coronary arterial ring segments. Vascul.Pharmacol 2007;47(1):25-30. View abstract.

Xu, Y., Ku, B. S., Yao, H. Y., Lin, Y. H., Ma, X., Zhang, Y. H., and Li, X. J. Antidepressant effects of curcumin in the forced swim test and olfactory bulbectomy models of depression in rats. Pharmacol Biochem.Behav. 2005;82(1):200-206. View abstract.

Xu, Y., Ku, B. S., Yao, H. Y., Lin, Y. H., Ma, X., Zhang, Y. H., and Li, X. J. The effects of curcumin on depressive-like behaviors in mice. Eur.J Pharmacol 7-25-2005;518(1):40-46. View abstract.

Yan, Y. D., Kim, D. H., Sung, J. H., Yong, C. S., and Choi, H. G. Enhanced oral bioavailability of docetaxel in rats by four consecutive days of pre-treatment with curcumin. Int J Pharm 10-31-2010;399(1-2):116-120. View abstract.

Yang, X., Thomas, D. P., Zhang, X., Culver, B. W., Alexander, B. M., Murdoch, W. J., Rao, M. N., Tulis, D. A., Ren, J., and Sreejayan, N. Curcumin inhibits platelet-derived growth factor-stimulated vascular smooth muscle cell function and injury-induced neointima formation. Arterioscler.Thromb.Vasc.Biol. 2006;26(1):85-90. View abstract.

Yano, Y., Satomi, M., and Oikawa, H. Antimicrobial effect of spices and herbs on Vibrio parahaemolyticus. Int.J Food Microbiol. 8-15-2006;111(1):6-11. View abstract.

Yao, J., Zhang, Q., Min, J., He, J., and Yu, Z. Novel enoyl-ACP reductase (FabI) potential inhibitors of Escherichia coli from Chinese medicine monomers. Bioorg.Med.Chem.Lett. 1-1-2010;20(1):56-59. View abstract.

Yao, Q. H., Wang, D. Q., Cui, C. C., Yuan, Z. Y., Chen, S. B., Yao, X. W., Wang, J. K., and Lian, J. F. Curcumin ameliorates left ventricular function in rabbits with pressure overload: inhibition of the remodeling of the left ventricular collagen network associated with suppression of myocardial tumor necrosis factor-alpha and matrix metalloproteinase-2 expression. Biol.Pharm Bull. 2004;27(2):198-202. View abstract.

Yeh, C. H., Chen, T. P., Wu, Y. C., Lin, Y. M., and Jing, Lin P. Inhibition of NFkappaB activation with curcumin attenuates plasma inflammatory cytokines surge and cardiomyocytic apoptosis following cardiac ischemia/reperfusion. J Surg.Res 5-1-2005;125(1):109-116. View abstract.

Yeh, C. H., Lin, Y. M., Wu, Y. C., and Lin, P. J. Inhibition of NF-kappa B activation can attenuate ischemia/reperfusion-induced contractility impairment via decreasing cardiomyocytic proinflammatory gene up-regulation and matrix metalloproteinase expression. J Cardiovasc.Pharmacol 2005;45(4):301-309. View abstract.

Yeon, K. Y., Kim, S. A., Kim, Y. H., Lee, M. K., Ahn, D. K., Kim, H. J., Kim, J. S., Jung, S. J., and Oh, S. B. Curcumin produces an antihyperalgesic effect via antagonism of TRPV1. J Dent.Res 2010;89(2):170-174. View abstract.

Yiu, W. F., Kwan, P. L., Wong, C. Y., Kam, T. S., Chiu, S. M., Chan, S. W., and Chan, R. Attenuation of fatty liver and prevention of hypercholesterolemia by extract of Curcuma longa through regulating the expression of CYP7A1, LDL-receptor, HO-1, and HMG-CoA reductase. J Food Sci 2011;76(3):H80-H89. View abstract.

Yu, Y. M. and Lin, H. C. Curcumin prevents human aortic smooth muscle cells migration by inhibiting of MMP-9 expression. Nutr.Metab Cardiovasc.Dis. 2010;20(2):125-132. View abstract.

Yu, Y., Hu, S. K., and Yan, H. [The study of insulin resistance and leptin resistance on the model of simplicity obesity rats by curcumin]. Zhonghua Yu Fang Yi.Xue.Za Zhi. 2008;42(11):818-822. View abstract.

Yu, Z. F., Kong, L. D., and Chen, Y. Antidepressant activity of aqueous extracts of Curcuma longa in mice. J Ethnopharmacol. 2002;83(1-2):161-165. View abstract.

Yuan, H. Y., Kuang, S. Y., Zheng, X., Ling, H. Y., Yang, Y. B., Yan, P. K., Li, K., and Liao, D. F. Curcumin inhibits cellular cholesterol accumulation by regulating SREBP-1/caveolin-1 signaling pathway in vascular smooth muscle cells. Acta Pharmacol Sin. 2008;29(5):555-563. View abstract.

Yuan, K., Weng, Q., Zhang, H., Xiong, J., and Xu, G. Application of capillary zone electrophoresis in the separation and determination of the curcuminoids in urine. J Pharm Biomed.Anal. 6-1-2005;38(1):133-138. View abstract.

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Yun, S. S., Kim, S. P., Kang, M. Y., and Nam, S. H. Inhibitory effect of curcumin on liver injury in a murine model of endotoxemic shock. Biotechnol.Lett. 2010;32(2):209-214. View abstract.

Zahid, Ashraf M., Hussain, M. E., and Fahim, M. Antiatherosclerotic effects of dietary supplementations of garlic and turmeric: Restoration of endothelial function in rats. Life Sci. 7-8-2005;77(8):837-857. View abstract.

Zeng, Y., Qiu, F., Takahashi, K., Liang, J., Qu, G., and Yao, X. New sesquiterpenes and calebin derivatives from Curcuma longa. Chem.Pharm Bull.(Tokyo) 2007;55(6):940-943. View abstract.

Zhang, D. P., Qiu, H., Zhuang, Y., and Meng, F. Q. [The effect of curcumin on bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis in rats]. Zhonghua Jie.He.He.Hu Xi.Za Zhi. 2007;30(3):197-201. View abstract.

Zhang, J., Jinnai, S., Ikeda, R., Wada, M., Hayashida, S., and Nakashima, K. A simple HPLC-fluorescence method for quantitation of curcuminoids and its application to turmeric products. Anal.Sci. 2009;25(3):385-388. View abstract.

Zhang, L., Fiala, M., Cashman, J., Sayre, J., Espinosa, A., Mahanian, M., Zaghi, J., Badmaev, V., Graves, M. C., Bernard, G., and Rosenthal, M. Curcuminoids enhance amyloid-beta uptake by macrophages of Alzheimer's disease patients. J Alzheimers.Dis. 2006;10(1):1-7. View abstract.

Zhang, M., Deng, C., Zheng, J., Xia, J., and Sheng, D. Curcumin inhibits trinitrobenzene sulphonic acid-induced colitis in rats by activation of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma. Int.Immunopharmacol. 2006;6(8):1233-1242. View abstract.

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