What are the major functions of political party?

A political party is an organisation that represents a particular group of people or set of ideas. It aims to have members elected to Parliament so their ideas can affect the way Australia is governed.

Political party organisation

Political parties have branches located around Australia. Party members in each branch suggest ideas for party policies. They help pre-select - choose - party candidates for local, state and federal elections. They also assist with election campaigns, distribute 'how to vote' cards on Election Day, and help scrutinise - closely examine - the counting of votes. Before a political party can enter a candidate in an election, it must officially register with the Australian Electoral Commission. It also has to meet certain regulations under the Commonwealth Electoral Act 1918, such as having a written constitution and at least 1500 members who are on the electoral roll.

Parliamentary parties

A political party becomes a parliamentary party when it has party members elected to a parliament at the federal, state or territory level.

Parliamentary parties are powerful because their members work as a team and generally vote the same way on issues before the parliament.

Coalitions

A coalition is formed when 2 or more political parties join together. In any parliament, parties may form a coalition to create a bigger group and gain more power.

In the Australian Parliament, parties that form a coalition sit next to each other in the Senate and the House of Representatives. They generally vote the same way, although they may have different ideas on particular bills - proposed laws. Each party in a coalition usually holds separate party meetings.

A coalition that forms government may choose several ways of working together. For example:

• the Prime Minister is usually drawn from the larger party
• the Deputy Prime Minister is usually drawn from the smaller party
• ministries may be shared between the 2 parties according to the ratio of seats held by the 2 parties.

The Liberal Party of Australia and the Nationals have formed the longest-running coalition in the Australian Parliament.

Minor parties

Minor parties only have a small number of members elected to Parliament. They may form part of the government or the opposition through a coalition or agreement with another party. If this is not the case, they sit with the independents on the seats that curve around at the end of the Senate and House. These seats are often called the crossbenches.

Sometimes minor parties can hold the balance of power. This means that their vote may decide the outcome of an issue if the government and opposition disagree.

Party meetings

During sitting weeks, each parliamentary party has a party meeting which is held in their party room.

The main purpose of party meetings is to decide how the party will work as a team in Parliament. In party meetings, members of parliament may:

• elect office-holders such as the party leader, ministers and the whips
• debate and make decisions about party policy
• discuss tactics and organise party members to speak on particular bills
• resolve potential conflict and differences of opinion to ensure party unity.

Party meetings are only for party members and are confidential.

When not in Parliament, political parties also hold branch meetings. These meetings are generally open to all members of the party, as well as members of the public who are interested in becoming involved.

History

In the first decade after Federation, the major parties in the Australian Parliament were the Free Trade Party, the Protectionist Party and the Australian Labor Party. The Australian Labor Party is the oldest Australian political party and was formed by the trade union movement in the 1890s.

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Role of Political Parties

• Political parties serve four key functions in the American political system
• Political parties (1) select candidates, (2) mobilize voters, (3) facilitate governance, and (4) monitor the opposing party when it's in power

1. Select Candidates. Political parties nominate candidates for political office. They narrow the field from a multitude of wannabes to a manageable few credible candidates. This simplifies the voters' role and brings a certain order to what could be a chaotic electoral process.
2. Mobilize Voters. Political parties inform and energize their members. They send out brochures, run media campaigns, knock on doors, and call voters on the phone. Individual candidates can do the same thing, but parties maintain elaborate networks of state and local offices that can be immediately pressed into the service of a candidate once the party nomination is secured. In addition, parties have fundraising apparatuses in place that simplify their candidates' ability to finance their campaigns.
3. Facilitate Governance. Parties also bring order to the process of policymaking. As party members, individual politicians have a ready-made group of allies that will usually cooperate with their efforts to pass and implement legislation. At the national level, this means that a rookie Congressperson arrives with a network of allies that will support his efforts and that he must support in turn. In addition, party alliances close the gap between the legislative and executive branches. While separated by the Constitution, the existence of political parties narrows the distance between the branches and helps them work together.
4. Monitor the Opposing Party in Power. Parties also serve as critical watchdogs for the public. The adversarial relationship between the major parties ensures that the party out of power (not in possession of the presidency) will keep a close eye on its opponent and notify the public of any wrongdoing or policy misstep.

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