What happens to carbon dioxide in the light-independent reaction?

There are effectively 3 stages to this process:
This process is called fixation because carbon dioxide from the air is converted into an organic compound which cannot move away.

It is probably convenient to consider 6 molecules of carbon dioxide entering the cycle, so that the next step below occurs 6 times.

Carbon dioxide reacts with ribulose bisphosphate RuBP.

For this reason RuBP is called a CO2 acceptor.

Ribulose bisphosphate has 5 carbon atoms and 2 phosphate groups, and by accepting one more carbon atom from CO2 it should be converted into a 6 carbon, 2 phosphate compound. However ...

This compound is immediately converted into 2 molecules of glycerate 3-phosphate (GP), which contains 3 carbons and one phosphate group.

For every 6 molecules of CO2 entering the cycle, 12 molecules of GP are produced.

This pathway is called C3 carbon fixation because the first product is a 3-carbon compound. Some plants have an alternative pathway - C4 carbon fixation - in which the 4-carbon compound oxalacetate (OAA) is produced and others have a CAM pathway.

This stage is so called because when CO2 reacts with H from reduced NADP it gains hydrogen and loses oxygen to become CH2O, the empirical (simplest) formula for carbohydrates. Reduction is loss of oxygen, or reaction with hydrogen, or gain of electrons. However the CO2 is now part of glycerate 3-phosphate (GP).

Glycerate 3-phosphate (GP) is converted into triose phosphate (TP) using reduced NADP and ATP.

Some of the triose phosphate (two molecules out of the twelve) is removed from the cycle, to be converted into glucose, or other molecules such as starch, lipid or protein.

The light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis

The light-independent reaction is the second stage of photosynthesis and occurs after the light-dependent reaction.

The light-independent reaction has two alternative names. It is often referred to as the dark reaction due to it not necessarily needing light energy to occur. However, this name is often misleading since it suggests that the reaction exclusively occurs in the dark. This is false; while the light-independent reaction can occur in the dark, it also occurs during the day. It is also referred to as the Calvin cycle, as the reaction was discovered by a scientist named Melvin Calvin.

The light-independent reaction is a self-sustaining cycle of different reactions that allows carbon dioxide to be converted into glucose. It occurs in the stroma, which is a colourless fluid found in the chloroplast (find the structure in the photosynthesis article). The stroma surrounds the membrane of the thylakoid discs, which is where the light-dependent reaction occurs.

The overall equation for the light-independent reaction is:

What are the reactants in the light-independent reaction?

There are three main reactants in the light-independent reaction:

Carbon dioxide is used during the first stage of the light-independent reaction, which is called carbon fixation. Carbon dioxide is incorporated into an organic molecule (is "fixed"), which is then converted into glucose.

NADPH acts as an electron donor during the second stage of the light-independent reaction. This is called phosphorylation (addition of phosphorus) and reduction. NADPH was produced during the light-dependent reaction, and is split into NADP+ and electrons during the light-independent reaction.

ATP is used to donate phosphate groups at two stages during the light-independent reaction: phosphorylation and reduction and regeneration. It is then split into ADP and inorganic phosphate (which is referred to as Pi).

The light-independent reaction in stages

There are three stages:

1. Carbon fixation.
2. Phosphorylation and reduction.
3. Regeneration of the carbon acceptor.

Six cycles of the light-independent reaction are required to produce one glucose molecule.

Carbon fixation

Carbon fixation refers to the incorporation of carbon into organic compounds by living organisms. In this case, the carbon from carbon dioxide and ribulose-1,5-biphosphate (RuBP) will be fixed into something called 3-phosphoglycerate (G3P). This reaction is catalysed by an enzyme called ribulose-1,5-biphosphate carboxylase oxygenase (RUBISCO).

The equation for this reaction is:

Phosphorylation

We now have G3P, which we need to convert into 1,3-biphosphoglycerate (BPG). It might be hard to gather from the name, but BPG has one more phosphate group than G3P - hence why we call this the phosphorylation stage.

Where would we get the extra phosphate group? We use the ATP that has been produced in the light-dependent reaction.

The equation for this is:

Reduction

Once we have BPG, we want to turn it into glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate (GALP). This is a reduction reaction and therefore needs a reducing agent.

Remember the NADPH produced during the light-dependent reaction? This is where it comes in. NADPH is converted into NADP+ as it donates its electron, allowing for BPG to be reduced to GALP (by gaining electron from NADPH). An inorganic phosphate also splits from BPG.

Gluconeogenesis

Two of the twelve GALPs produced are then removed from the cycle to make glucose via a process called gluconeogenesis. This is possible because of the number of carbons present - 12 GALP has a total of 36 carbons, with each molecule being three carbons long.

If 2 GALP leave the cycle, six carbon molecules overall leave, with 30 carbons remaining. 6RuBP also contains a total of 30 carbons, as each RuBP molecule is five carbons long.

Regeneration

In order to ensure that the cycle continues, RuBP has to be regenerated from GALP. This means we need to add another phosphate group, as GALP has only one phosphate attached to it whilst RuBP has two. Therefore, one phosphate group needs to be added for every RuBP generated. This means that six ATPs need to be used to create six RuBP from ten GALP.

The equation for this is:

RuBP can now be used again to combine with anothermolecule, and the cycle continues!

Overall, the entire light-independent reaction looks like this:

What are the products of the light-independent reaction?

The products of the light-independent reaction are:

Glucose: glucose is formed from 2GALP, which leaves the cycle during the second stage of the light-independent reaction. Glucose is formed from GALP via a process called gluconeogenesis, which is separate from the light-independent reaction. Glucose is used to fuel multiple cellular processes within the plant.

NADP+: NADP is NADPH without the electron. After the light-independent reaction, it is reformed into NADPH during the light-dependent reactions.

ADP: Like NADP+, after the light-independent reaction ADP is re-used in the light-dependent reaction. It is converted back to ATP to be used again in the Calvin cycle. It is produced in the light-independent reaction alongside inorganic phosphate.

Light-Independent Reaction - Key takeaways

• The light-independent reaction refers to a series of different reactions that allow carbon dioxide to be converted into glucose. It is a self-sustaining cycle, which is why it is often referred to as the Calvin cycle. It also does not depend on light to occur, which is why it is sometimes referred to as the dark reaction.
• The light-independent reaction occurs in the stroma of the plant, which is a colourless fluid that surrounds the thylakoid discs in the chloroplast of the plant cells.

  The light-independent reaction’s reactants are carbon dioxide, NADPH and ATP. Its products are glucose, NADP+, ADP, and inorganic phosphate.

• The overall equation for the light-independent reaction is:

• There are three overall stages for the light-independent reaction: carbon fixation, phosphorylation and reduction, and regeneration.

The light-independent reaction is the second stage of photosynthesis. The term refers to a series of reactions that result in the conversion of carbon dioxide to glucose. The light-independent reaction is also referred to as the Calvin cycle as it is a self-sustaining reaction.

The light-independent reaction occurs in the stroma. The stroma is a colourless fluid found in the chloroplast, which surrounds the thylakoid discs.

There are three stages to the light-independent reaction: carbon fixation, phosphorylation and reduction, and regeneration. 

1. Carbon fixation: Carbon fixation refers to the incorporation of carbon into organic compounds by living organisms. In this case, the carbon from carbon dioxide and ribulose-1,5-biphosphate (or RuBP) is going to be fixed into something called 3-phosphoglycerate, or G3P for short. This reaction is catalysed by an enzyme called ribulose-1,5-biphosphate carboxylase oxygenase, or RUBISCO for short.
2. Phosphorylation and reduction: G3P is then converted into 1,3-biphosphoglycerate (BPG). This is done using ATP, which donates its phosphate group.BPG is then converted into glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate, or GALP for short. This is a reduction reaction, so NADPH acts as the reducing agent. Two of these twelve GALPs produced are then taken away from the cycle to make glucose via a process called gluconeogenesis.
3. Regeneration: RuBP is then generated from the remaining GALP, using the phosphate groups from ATP. RuBP can now be used again to combine with another CO2 molecule, and the cycle continues!

The light-independent reaction of photosynthesis produces four main molecules. These are carbon dioxide, NADP+, ADP and inorganic phosphate.

Question

What is the alternative name for the light-independent reaction?

Answer

The dark cycle/Calvin cycle

Question

Where does the light-independent reaction occur?

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Question

What are the three stages of the light-independent reaction?

Answer

Carbon fixation, phosphorylation, reduction and regeneration.

Question

What are the main reactants of the light-independent reaction?

Answer

Carbon dioxide, NADPH and ATP.

Question

What are the main products of the light-independent reaction?

Answer

Glucose, NADP+, ADP and Pi.

Question

What is the enzyme used to catalyse the carbon fixation stage of the light-independent reaction?

Answer

Question

Why is ATP needed during the phosphorylation stage?

Answer

To donate its phosphate group to G3P to make BPG.

Question

What is the term used to describe the function of NADPH during the light-independent reaction?

Answer

Reducing agent or electron donor.

Question

What does BPG lose when it is reduced?

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Question

What is the term used to describe the production of glucose from GALP?

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Question

How many cycles does it take to produce one glucose molecule?

Answer

Question

What does "Pi" stand for?

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