Photo by Zane Lee on Unsplash this fast-moving world, the need for the commodity is increasing day by day. Accordingly, the importance of transportation has a great role to play in society. The profit and fortunes of the companies which are moving merchandise from one corner of the country to another are determined by transportation. This is especially true when transportation costs and transportation time are overwhelming than production costs and production time. What if the transportation in all areas of handled professionally and if the costs involved are made optimal, the productivity of the country goes up even if no other factor is touched! The study of optimal transportation and allocation of resources is; transportation theory or transport theory. The French mathematician Gaspard Monge formalized this problem in 1781. Major advances were made in the field during World War II by the Soviet mathematician and economist Leonid Kantorovich hence known as the Monge–Kantorovich transportation problem. An important type of transportation problem which is addressed by the Linear Programming(LP) is in the area of physical distribution of goods and services from several supply centres to demand centres. In other words, transportation problems deal with the movement of commodities from different sources to different destinations, with the overall objective of minimizing transportation costs. Such a linear programming formulation of the transportation problem is also known as the Hitchcock–Koopmans transportation problem. Applications of transportation model are used in the airline industry, Research and Development, Travelling Salesman, Transhipment, etc. PREREQUISITES To solve a transportation problem, the following information must be given: ASSUMPTIONS The following basic assumptions are made before using any transportation technique: There are basically 3 main steps 1. Formulation of the transportation model in LPP 2. Find a Basic feasible Solution (BFS) 3. Optimality test Let’s go in detail While solving an operation research problem, the key part lay in formulating the model by decoding the problem. For transportation problem usually, the problem will be given in a tabular form or matrix form called transportation table or cost-effective matrix. Let’s check an example below. Here, Source = {A, B, C} They represent sources with supply capacity 10,35,25 units of commodities respectively (given in orange) Hence, total supply=10+35+25=70 Destinations= {1,2,3} They represent destinations that require 20,25,25 units of commodities respectively (given in green). Hence, total demand=20+25+25=70 The elements represented in the matrix (given in white) are called cost. i.e., the unit cost involved in moving unit commodity from one origin to another destination. For example, The cost incurred in moving 1 unit of the commodity from source A to destination 1= ₹2/- Likewise, The cost incurred in moving one unit of the commodity from source B to destination 2= ₹4/- and so on. [Here, we are looking at the cross-section of source and destination] TYPES OF TRANSPORTATION PROBLEM Before going further, let’s check different types of transportation problem. There are basically 2 types of transportation problem: 1. Balanced Transportation Problem 2. Unbalanced Transportation Problem Let’s peep into it. 1. Balanced Transportation Problem total quantity available = total quantity required i.e., Total supply= Total demand Let’s check the example below. An example balanced transportation problem with Source ={A,B,C} with total supply=75 and Destinations={1,2,3} with total demand=75 [image by author]Here, Total supply=75 Total demand=75 Hence, Total supply= Total demand 2. Unbalanced Transportation Problem total quantity available ≠ total quantity required i.e., Total supply≠ Total demand
There are 2 situations leading to this unbalanced condition (i). Total Supply> Total Demand (ii). Total supply< Total demand (i). Total Supply> Total Demand I.e., the total quantity available > total quantity required Let’s check the example below. An example unbalanced transportation problem with Source ={A,B,C} with total supply=65 and Destinations={1,2,3} with total demand=60 [image by author]Here, Total supply=65 Total demand=60 Hence, Total supply> Total demand In such cases, we add a dummy destination giving dummy demand with each cost as zero (0) but dummy demand for the dummy destination as total supply-total demand. An example unbalanced transportation problem with Source ={A,B,C} with total supply=65 and Destinations={1,2,3} with dummy demand=5 making total demand=65 [image by author]In this example, dummy demand= 65–60=5 Thus, total supply= total demand (ii). Total supply< Total demand I.e., the total quantity available <total quantity required Let’s check the example below. An example unbalanced transportation problem with Source ={A,B,C} with total supply=65 and Destinations={1,2,3} with total demand=75 [image by author]Here, Total supply=65 Total demand=75 Hence, Total supply<Total demand In such cases, we add a dummy source giving dummy supply with each cost as zero (0) but dummy supply for the dummy destination as total demand-total supply. An example unbalanced transportation problem with Source ={A,B,C} with total supply=65 and Destinations={1,2,3} with dummy supply=10 making total supply=75 [image by author]In this example, dummy supply= 75–65=10. Thus, total supply= total demand
For this, we have to convert every problem to a standard problem to go further. 2. BASIC FEASIBLE SOLUTION(BFS)There are different methods available to obtain the initial basic feasible solution. They are: (1). North-West(N-W) Corner Rule (2). Least Cost Method (or The Matrix Minimum Method) (3). Vogel’s Approximation Method [VAM] (or Penalty Method) Let’s dive into each method. For that let’s consider an example problem for better understanding. The question is given below. [image by author]The first step is to make it a standard transportation problem. For that check whether it is a balanced or unbalanced transportation problem. [image by author]The given problem is a balanced transportation problem. So, let’s proceed. Now, we have to find a basic feasible solution. For the same, we have 3 different methods. Let’s check one by one with the help of this problem. (1). North-West(N-W) Corner Rule N-W direction [image by author]Select North-West Corner cell. i.e., cost of the intersection of 1st row and 1st column. [Here, 5(given in blue)] Compare the demand and supply of that cell. [Here, 65 and 70 (given in red)] [image by author]Allocate the cell with the least value [Here, 65 (given in yellow)] Subtract the excluded cell with the least value. i.e., the allocated cell vale. [Here, 70–65=5] [image by author]Eliminate the column or row accordingly by striking it off. [Here, the column with destination 1 (marked with red line)]
[i.e., Here, 42+43+65=150 (total demand) and 5+30+50+65=150 (total supply)] Now continue the process with remaining cells. Again, find the North-West(N-W) cell and do the same steps as given above. Let’s see the same in this example. [image by author][image by author][image by author][image by author]Here, both the demand and supply will be the same which will be further allocated in the remaining single cell. [Here, 43] (This is another method to verify whether all the above steps were correct or not.)
The final table with all allocated cell will be like this. This gives the initial feasible solution by the N-W Corner method. [image by author]Now let’s calculate the cost associated with these allocations. To find the same add all the products of all allocated cell values (given in yellow) and the cost of the respective cell (given in blue). i.e., Total cost=(65x5) +(5x7) +(30x4) +(7x7) +(43x7) =325+35+120+49+301 =830 Now, let’s understand what we have found out ₹830-represents the total cost involved in moving the commodities. The path followed is represented by the red arrows as we found by the N-W Corner method. [image by author]Let’s represent the same in a table the final solution table [image by author]
(2). Least Cost Method (or Matrix Minimum method) Let’s discuss with the same example. [image by author][image by author]Select the least value among all the costs (given in white). i.e., minimum cost. [Here, 4(given in blue)] Here, there are two cells with the least cost. It’s purely user’s choice to decide which one to select. [image by author] Compare the demand and supply of that cell. [Here, 30 and 65 (given in red)]Allocate the cell with the least value [Here, 30 (given in yellow)] Subtract the excluded cell with the least value. i.e., the allocated cell value. [Here, 65–30=35] Eliminate the column or row accordingly by striking it off. [Here, the row with source B (marked with red line)]
[i.e., here, 35+42+43+30=150 (total demand) and 70+50+30=150 (total supply)] Now continue the process with remaining cells. Again, find the least cost cell and do the same steps as given above. Let’s see the same in this example. [image by author][image by author][image by author][image by author]Here, both the demand and supply will be the same which will be further allocated in the remaining single cell. [Here, 43] (This is another method to verify whether all the above steps were correct or not.)
The final table with all the allocated cell will be like this. This gives initially feasible solution by the least-cost method. [image by author]Now let’s calculate the cost associated with these allocations. To find the same add all the products of all allocated cell values (given in yellow) and the cost of the respective cell (given in blue). i.e., Total cost=(35x5) +(30x4) +(35x7) +(7x7) +(43x7) =175+120+245+49+301 =890 Now, let’s understand what we have found out ₹890-represents the total cost involved in moving the commodities. The path followed is reprinted by the red arrows as we found by the least-cost method. [image by author]Let’s represent the same in a table. the final solution table [image by author]
(3). Vogel’s Approximation Method [VAM] (or Penalty Method) Let’s discuss with the same example. [image by author]Selecting the cost cell to be allocated is not that easy in VAM as if we discussed in the N-W Corner method and least cost cell method. (Chill dude,😎 it’s not that difficult though. 😇But the process is a bit lengthier than before.😅) In the VAM, we have to first in the differences between the two lowest costs in each row and column. These are known as penalties/ extra costs. [image by author] [Here, Penalties= {2,0,1,1,3,1}] Now find the maximum value among the penalties irrespective of row or column. [Here, max (Penalties)=3 (given in pink)] [image by author] Now, look into the respective row or column accordingly. [Here, the column (given in pink)] Select the least value among all the costs (given in pink). i.e., minimum cost. [Here, 4(given in blue in the figure below)] [image by author] Compare the demand and supply of that cell [Here, 30 and 42 (given in red)] [image by author]Allocate the cell with the least value [Here, 30 (given in yellow)] Subtract the excluded cell with the least value. i.e., the allocated cell vale. [Here, 42–30=12] Eliminate the column or row accordingly by striking it off. [Here, the column with source B (marked with red line)]
[i.e., here, 65+12+43+30=150 (total demand) and 70+50+30=150 (total supply)] Now continue the process with remaining cells. Again, find the penalty and do the same steps as given above. Let’s see the same in this example. [image by author][image by author][image by author][image by author]Here, both the demand and supply will be the same which will be further allocated in the remaining single cell. [Here, 43] (This is another method to verify whether all the above steps were correct or not.)
The final table with all the allocated cell will be like this. This gives an initial feasible solution by VAM. [image by author]Now let’s calculate the cost associated with these allocations. To find the same add all the products of all allocated cell values (given in yellow) and the cost of the respective cell (given in blue). i.e., Total cost=(65x5) +(5x7) +(30x4) +(7x7) +(43x7) =325+35+120+49+301 =830 Now, let’s understand what we have found out ₹830-represents the total cost involved in moving the commodities. The path followed is represented by the red arrows as we found by VAM. [image by author]Let’s represent the same in a table. the final solution table [image by author]
3. OPTIMALITY TestWhile a basic feasible solution may take care of all the sources and location restrictions it need not give a solution with the least cost. There could be several basic feasible solutions but the one that minimizes the total transportation cost is said to be the optimal solution. After a basic feasible solution has been identified by anyone of the methods listed above, the solution is to be further tested for Optimality tests would verify whether the given solution is the best and if not it would lead us to the better or optimal solution (I would choose a bad option over worst.😉) [1]Dr. K. P. Phaneesh, Operations Research(2009), Sudha Publications So far, we have discussed finding a basic feasible solution. We can only conclude our decision of choosing the right path after the optimality test which will be discussed in another article.😊 Please feel free to share your valuable thoughts💭, ideas💡 or even doubts😕😵. |