An agent used to reduce the number of bacteria on a toilet would most accurately be called a(n)

Which of the following correctly lists, in increasing order, the resistance of microorganisms to chemical biocides?

protozoan cysts, fungi, gram-negative bacteria, prions

gram-negative bacteria, fungi, protozoan cysts, mycobacteria

prions, gram-negative bacteria, vegetative protozoa, gram-positive bacteria

gram-positive bacteria, fungi, endospores, prions

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The Elements of Life

In biology, the elements of life are the essential building blocks that make up living things. They are carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen, phosphorus, and sulfur. The first four of these are the most important, as they are used to construct the molecules that are necessary to make up living cells. These elements form the basic building blocks of the major macromolecules of life, including carbohydrates, lipids, nucleic acids and proteins. Carbon is an important element for all living organisms, as it is used to construct the basic building blocks of life, such as carbohydrates, lipids, and nucleic acids. Even the cell membranes are made of proteins. Carbon is also used to construct the energy-rich molecules adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and guanosine triphosphate (GTP). Hydrogen is used to construct the molecules water and organic compounds with carbon. Hydrogen is also used to construct ATP and GTP. Nitrogen is used to construct the basic building blocks of life, such as amino acids, nucleic acids, and proteins. It is also used to construct ATP and GTP. Oxygen is used to construct the basic building blocks of life, such as carbohydrates, lipids, and nucleic acids. It is also used to construct ATP and GTP. Phosphorus is used to construct the basic building blocks of life, such as carbohydrates, lipids, and nucleic acids.

1

1) Which of the following is the best method to sterilize heat-labile solutions?

A) dry heat

B) autoclave

C) membrane filtration

D) pasteurization

E) freezing

2

2) Which of the following best describes the pattern of microbial death?

A) The cells in a population die at a constant rate.

B) All the cells in a culture die at once.

C) Not all of the cells in a culture are killed.

D) The pattern varies depending on the antimicrobial agent.

E) The pattern varies depending on the species.

3

3) Which of the following chemical agents is used for sterilization?

A) alcohol

B) phenolics

C) ethylene oxide

D) chlorine

E) soap

4

4) Which of the following substances is used for surgical hand scrubs?

A) phenol

B) chlorine bleach

C) chlorhexidine

D) soap

E) glutaraldehyde

5

5) Which of the following pairs of terms is mismatched?

A) bacteriostatic — kills vegetative bacterial cells

B) germicide — kills microbes

C) virucide — inactivates viruses

D) sterilant — destroys all living microorganisms

E) fungicide — kills yeasts and molds

6

6) The antimicrobial activity of chlorine is due to which of the following?

A) the formation of hypochlorous acid

B) the formation of hydrochloric acid

C) the formation of ozone

D) the formation of a hypochlorite ion

E) disruption of the plasma membrane

7

7) Which of the following regarding antimicrobial control agents is FALSE?

A) Contaminating organic debris such as blood or sputum decrease effectiveness.

B) Some agents kill by denaturing microbial cell proteins.

C) Some agents affect microbial cell membranes by dissolving lipids.

D) Silver is used for treating antibiotic-resistant bacteria.

E) Alcohols effectively inactivate nonenveloped viruses by attacking lipids.

8

8) Which of the following does NOT achieve sterilization?

A) dry heat

B) pasteurization

C) autoclave

D) supercritical fluids

E) ethylene oxide

9

9) Which of the following is a limitation of the autoclave?

A) It requires an excessively long time to achieve sterilization.

B) It cannot inactivate viruses.

C) It cannot kill endospores.

D) It cannot be used with heat-labile materials.

E) It cannot be used with glassware.

10

10) An agent used to reduce the number of bacteria on a toilet would most accurately be called a(n)

A) disinfectant.

B) antiseptic.

C) aseptic.

D) fungicide.

E) virucide.

11

11) Application of heat to living cells can result in all of the following EXCEPT

A) breaking of hydrogen bonds.

B) alteration of membrane permeability.

C) denaturation of enzymes.

D) decreased thermal death time.

E) damage to nucleic acids.

12

12) Which of the following disinfectants acts by disrupting the plasma membrane?

A) soaps

B) aldehydes

C) bisphenols

D) halogens

E) heavy metals

13

13) Oxidizing agents include all of the following EXCEPT

A) chlorine.

B) glutaraldehyde.

C) hydrogen peroxide.

D) iodine.

E) ozone.

14

14) Disinfection of water is achieved by all of the following EXCEPT

A) ozone.

B) UV radiation.

C) chlorine.

D) copper sulfate.

E) peracetic acid.

15

15) All of the following substances are effective against nonenveloped viruses EXCEPT

A) alcohol.

B) chlorine.

C) ethylene oxide.

D) ozone.

E) None of the answers is correct; all of these are equally effective against nonenveloped viruses.

16

16) Which of the following methods is used to preserve food by slowing the metabolic processes of foodborne microbes?

A) lyophilization

B) nonionizing radiation

C) freezing

D) ionizing radiation

E) pasteurization

17

17) Which concentration of ethanol is the most effective bactericide?

A) 100 percent

B) 70 percent

C) 50 percent

D) 40 percent

E) 30 percent

18

18) All of the following factors contribute to hospital-acquired infections EXCEPT

A) some bacteria metabolize disinfectants.

B) gram-negative bacteria are often resistant to disinfectants.

C) invasive procedures can provide a portal of entry for bacteria.

D) bacteria may be present in commercial products such as mouthwash.

E) None of the answers is correct; all of these factors may contribute to hospital-acquired infection.

19

19) Which of the following treatments is the most effective for controlling microbial growth?

A) 63°C for 30 minutes

B) 72°C for 15 seconds

C) 140°C for 4 seconds

D) They are equivalent treatments.

E) None of the answers is correct.

20

20) Which of the following could be used to sterilize plastic Petri plates in a plastic wrapper?

A) autoclave

B) gamma radiation

C) microwaves

D) sunlight

E) ultraviolet radiation

21

21) Which of the following regarding antimicrobial control agents is FALSE?

A) Contaminating organic debris such as blood or sputum will decrease effectiveness.

B) Some agents kill by denaturing microbial cell proteins.

C) Some agents affect microbial cell membranes by dissolving lipids.

D) Some agents are utilized as both an antiseptic and a disinfectant.

E) A true antimicrobial control agent is equally effective against both bacteria and viruses.

22

A suspension of 106 Bacillus cereus endospores was put in a hot-air oven at 170°C. Plate counts were used to determine the number of endospores surviving at the time intervals shown.

22) In Figure 7.1, what is the thermal death time?

A) 150°C

B) 60 minutes

C) 120 minutes

D) 100°C

E) The answer cannot be determined based on the information provided.

23

23) In Figure 7.1, the thermal death point for this culture is

1. A) 15 minutes.
2. B) 50°C.
3. C) 30 minutes.
4. D) 170°C.
5. E) The answer cannot be determined based on the information provided

24

24) In Figure 7.1, the decimal reduction time (D value) for the culture, which is defined as the time to reduce a population by one log, is approximately

A) 0 minutes.

B) 10 minutes.

C) 30 minutes.

D) 40 minutes.

E) 60 minutes.

25

25) Which of the following results in lethal damage to nucleic acids?

A) heat

B) radiation

C) certain chemicals

D) heat and radiation

E) heat, radiation, and some chemicals

26

26) Which of the following pairs is mismatched?

A) Ag — wound dressings

B) alcohols — open wounds

C) CuSO4— algicide

D) H2O2— open wounds

E) organic acids — food preservation

27

27) Which graph in Figure 7.2 best depicts the effect of placing the culture in an autoclave for 15 minutes at time x?

A) a

B) b

C) c

D) d

E) e

28

28) Which graph in Figure 7.2 best depicts the effect of placing the culture at 7°C at time x?

A) a

B) b

C) c

D) d

E) e

29

29) In Table 7.1, which compound was the most effective against Staphylococcus?

A) A

B) B

C) C

D) D

E) The answer cannot be determined based on the information provided.

30

30) In Table 7.1, which compound was the most effective against E. coli?

A) A

B) B

C) C

D) D

E) The answer cannot be determined based on the information provided.

31

31) In Table 7.1, which compound was bactericidal?

A) A

B) B

C) C

D) D

E) The answer cannot be determined based on the information provided.

32

32) In Table 7.2, which preservative is most effective?

A) potassium sorbate

B) sodium benzoate

C) potassium sorbate + sodium benzoate

D) no preservative

33

33) An iodophor is a(n)

A) phenol.

B) agent that reduces oxygen.

C) quaternary ammonium compound.

D) form of formaldehyde.

E) iodine mixed with a surfactant.

34

34) Ethylene oxide

A) is a good antiseptic.

B) is not sporicidal.

C) requires high heat to be effective.

D) is a sterilizing agent.

E) is the active chemical in household bleach.

35

35) All of the following substances are used to preserve foods EXCEPT

A) biguanides.

B) nisin.

C) potassium sorbate.

D) sodium nitrite.

E) calcium propionate.

36

36) In Table 7.3, which disinfectant is the most effective at stopping bacterial growth?

A) Doom

B) K.O.

C) Mortum

D) Sterl

E) The answer cannot be determined based on the information provided.

37

37) In Table 7.3, which disinfectant was bactericidal?

1. A) Doom
2. B) K.O.
3. C) Mortum
4. D) Sterl
5. E) The answer cannot be determined based on the information provided.

38

38) In Table 7.3, which disinfectant was most effective against Salmonella?

A) Doom

B) K.O.

C) Mortum

D) Sterl

E) The answer cannot be determined based on the information provided.

39

39) All of the following are effective for destroying prions EXCEPT

A) boiling.

B) incineration.

C) NaOH + autoclaving at 134°C.

D) proteases.

E) None of the answers are correct; each of these will destroy prions.

40

40) Which of the following pairs is mismatched?

A) ionizing radiation — hydroxyl radicals

B) ozone — takes electrons from substances

C) plasma sterilization — free radicals

D) supercritical fluids — CO2

E) ultraviolet radiation — desiccation

41

41) All of the following are methods of food preservation EXCEPT

A) desiccation.

B) high pressure.

C) ionizing radiation.

D) microwaves.

E) osmotic pressure.

42

42) The preservation of beef jerky from microbial growth relies on which method of microbial control?

A) filtration

B) lyophilization

C) desiccation

D) ionizing radiation

E) supercritical CO2

43

43) If you were preparing nutrient agar at home and did not have an autoclave, what could you use to sterilize the nutrient agar?

A) bleach

B) boiling for one hour

C) hydrogen peroxide

D) oven at 121°C for one hour

E) pressure cooker at 121°C for 15 minutes

44

44) Bone and tendons for transplant are decontaminated by

A) ethylene oxide.

B) glutaraldehyde.

C) peroxygens.

D) plasma sterilization.

E) supercritical fluids.

45

45) Which one of the following is most resistant to chemical biocides?

1. A) gram-negative bacteria
2. B) gram-positive bacteria
3. C) mycobacteria
4. D) protozoan cysts
5. E) viruses with lipid envelopes

46

46) The following is true of quarternary ammonium compounds EXCEPT

A) they are non-toxic at lower concentrations.

B) they are tasteless.

C) they are effective when combined with soaps.

D) they are stable.

E) they may be an ingredient in mouthwash.

What are chemicals reduce the number of bacteria?

What is the method used that kills most bacteria?

Which chemical is used to control bacteria?

What methods are used to control bacteria?