How does the weight of the vehicle affect?

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WEIGHT AND ITS EFFECT ON THE DYNAMICS OF A CAR
This is what happens
How does weight affect your car?
How does the weight of a vehicle affect its speed?
How the weight of the vehicle affect stopping distance?
Why does the weight of a car matter?

Whether it be gross axle load rating, payload or tare or kerb weight, it’s clear that there are many vehicle and trailer weight terms out there. But more often than not the industry jargon can actually distract drivers from the seriousness nature of towing and loading their vehicles safely.

The team at Pedders has kindly produced a resource that will come in handy for those unsure how to tow and/or load in a safe manner. With the trend towards lighter and smaller cars it’s extremely important for drivers to be aware of the weight restrictions and to make sure that vehicles are compliant with safety recommendations.

The effects of additional weight can significantly impact on a vehicle’s driveability in six ways:

Chassis Dynamics: The Pitch, Roll and Yaw (The front to back, side to side and rotational motion) of the vehicle body over the wheels and in particular the reaction of these movements to driver input. Increased weight changes the speed and magnitude of these movements and creates a greater disconnect between driver input and vehicle response.
Suspension Travel: The available upward (compression or bump) and downward (rebound) range of movement within the vehicle’s suspension system. Increased weight (typically seen with rear sagging caused by heavy loads) decreases the available compression travel for normal suspension operation thus increasing the frequency and severity of contact with the bump stops. This causes harsh ride characteristics, ineffective suspension control and increased risk of premature wear and tear on steering and suspension components.
Braking Efficiency and Distance: Increased Total Weight creates a magnification of energy and force onto the vehicles braking system which in turn generates increased heat and stress. Increasing total Weight and/or Inconsistent Vehicle Loading has a significant impact on brake performance, braking longevity and most importantly braking distance.
Tyre Contact and Steering Effectiveness: Towing and other increased rear end loads cause longitudinal weight transfer which reduces weight over the front axle. The result of this is reduced front tyre contact and grip with the road reducing the responsiveness of steering and braking to driver inputs and more specifically allowing the front of the vehicle to wander or float.
Wheel Alignment: This is the correct angle of a vehicles tyres to maximise tyre contact under normal driving conditions. Increased weight causing changes in suspension travel and geometry, which affects the angle of the wheel resulting in the reduction of tyre contact with the road and increased tyre wear. Incorrect Wheel Alignment and Tyre Contact affects all facets of vehicle performance, most importantly safety through diminished steering responsiveness and braking efficiency.
Legal Compliance: Every vehicle must operate within the weights tolerance specified by the original manufacturer. Failure to adhere to this deems the vehicle unroadworthy. And has other potential consequences including OH+S and insurance compliance issues.

Pedders is a proud Corporate Partner of the Australasian Fleet Management Association. For more details on the effects of vehicle weight, click here

WEIGHT AND ITS EFFECT ON THE DYNAMICS OF A CAR

First of all, we must understand that the carrying of extra weight will affect the whole dynamic characteristics of your car. These include; accelerating, braking, cornering, power to weight ratio and fuel economy.

Definition of Vehicle Dynamics:

Vehicle performance and handling are affected by speed, weight, load distribution and road surface. Increase or decrease in weight, increase or decrease in speed, the pitch and roll will all effect the responsiveness of the car responding to various situations and this depends on whether you are and at what rate:

Accelerating = Pitch “Y” rear down, front up
Braking = Pitch “Y” front down, rear up
Turning = Roll “X” outside down, inside up
The “Yaw” = “Z” under or over steer

All three axis are reliant on the effectiveness of the shock absorbers, springs, steering, brakes and wheel alignment. There is no escaping vehicle dynamic physics.

How much weight do you think will affect the car?

Accessories, such as Bull Bar with Winch, Driving Lights, Extra fuel tanks or a Roof Rack.

What’s the seating capacity, how much weight is accumulated with the occupants?
Is the car towing a 6×4 box trailer or a 30 foot Caravan, or what about a double horse float?
If you are going on a road trip, what’s the weight being carried and how is it loaded within the car?

Every vehicle has a “Polar Moment of Inertia” which is the Centre of Rotation around the car’s Centre of Gravity. This “Moment“ will be effected every time weight is added also where it has been placed within the car.

The idea is to keep the majority of the car’s mass as close to the axis for maximum balance. When the mass of an object is distributed far from its axis of rotation, the object is said to have a high polar moment of inertia and Lateral forces will have a higher impact on the car’s ability to negotiate a bend in the road. If there is too much weight over the front of the car, it could “under steer”. When there is too much weight over the rear, then the car could “over steer”, especially on a loose or wet surface, the back could “step-out”. When the mass distribution is close to the axis of rotation, it has a low polar moment of inertia and the car will be more responsive to instructions given to it by the driver. Also this will give the car a greater ability to handle undulating and winding roads.

To experience a practical example, stack some bricks in a wheelbarrow over the wheel and try running around a corner. Now stack the bricks near the handles and repeat, If I was a betting man, you noticed that it was easier to control the wheel barrow when the bricks were closest to the wheel (i.e. C.of G.)

So how does this affect the family car?

Well let’s have a look at what type of accessories that may be fitted to the car that will influence the Polar Moment of inertia. The placement of weight in, on and around the vehicle will dramatically effect the position of the “centre of gravity” of the vehicle.

A bull bar and winch is fitted to the front, which adds front axle weight.
The two spare wheels are bolted to the rear.
Extra fuel tanks, extra batteries, a set of rear draws etc

Are you starting to understand that weight will affect the ride, handling and stability of the vehicle? If nothing is done to upgrade the suspension in proportion to the load being carried, your big road trip, which you have been planning for 12 months, could end up very ugly.

The area we are focusing on now, is the effect of the placing a load on a roof rack. The higher the load, the higher the vehicle’s Centre of Gravity.

As the C.of G. goes up so does the ability of the car to negotiate bends in the road with the same agility of a car that has not had its C.of G. raised. For example, the higher the C of G, the harder it is to control the dynamic impact of the weight.

To offer you a practical demonstration, how easy is it to manipulate and control a hammer when the mass of the head is low, against the hammer which has a larger mass. Try it, and feel the difference. Now think about it, in a little bit bigger scale and relate this to the loading of the car.

All the sprung and unsprung weight of a car, has the potential to become Kinetic Energy, (energy in motion), so the lighter the car the more responsive its going to be to the driver’s instructions.

The more weight that is added and more importantly, the position it is placed, has the potential to affect the steering and handling of the car. Understeer – the front of the vehicle won’t respond to the desired steering inputs and inertia pushes the front of the vehicle where you don’t want it to go.

Oversteer – the rear of the vehicle over reacts to your steering input as inertia converts potential energy of the weight into kinetic energy and the back out of the vehicle steps out and creates “over steer”. Increased weight mass also greatly extends braking distances: Now pile 500kg into the vehicle and look at the 5 key areas of critical automotive importance:

Front and rear ride height (front – up and rear – down)
Springs
Shock absorbers
Suspension geometry
Braking distance

For example, if you use a twice folded piece of A4 paper, this is indicative of how small the average tyre contact patch is with the road. How many times have we all witnessed a vehicle travelling down the road, excessively overloaded? Forget the A4 paper folded in half…The reality is, the front tyre contact with the road, will look much more like this.

Now your front tyre to road contact patch looks something like a bicycle tyre! Resolving this problem involves much more than simply throwing a set of springs in the rear. This is why Pedders offer the “whole of vehicle” approach when formulating a remedy in fixing the problem and not to have the “Band-Aid” approach.

One size does not fit all when searching for load carrying solutions and the same is true for managing simple everyday light load driving too. Remember, the five key areas of critical automotive importance!

When 1 second, 1 metre, or 1 moment really counts, you’ll be glad you trusted the experts at Pedders to help craft the right customized solution for your individual needs.

To reinforce a simple understanding of weight in dynamics terms, consider the impact of weight and these numbers of a vehicle travelling at 60kph.

Typical SUV, empty, with a single driver and some fuel = 1800 kg.
Add a 380 kg load.

This is what happens

Stopping distance empty = 45 (in metres)
Stopping distance loaded = 47 (in metres)
Direction change empty = 0.65 (g moment)
Direction change loaded = 0.95 (g moment)

Disclaimer: The figures quoted are very subjective, as there are many variables involved when braking occurs in real life situations, such as:

Condition and type of brakes
Road condition, Wet or Dry, gravel or bitumen
Tyre type, size and condition
Driver’s reaction time
Weight of vehicle

But they are an indication of “cause and Effect”

Techstop Hints

If the car is going on a road trip towing, or heavily laden, have a Tech Check and Report done. Including the brake fluid condition.
Do a calculation of the weight that is to be placed into the car. This is to include the weight of the occupants.
Be aware of the O.E.M.’s maximum Gross Vehicle Mass. (G.V.M.) do not exceed this figure.
Before loading the car, plan where the items are going to be placed.
Always place the heaviest items as low as possible.
Distribute the load as evenly as possible within the car, front to back and side to side.
If a roof rack is fitted, only place light items up high, clothes soft bags etc.
Make yourself aware of the maximum towing mass, for un-braked and braked trailers/caravans.
Check tyre pressures and don’t forget the spares.
Have a wheel alignment performed on the vehicle in it’s “Ready To Go” state

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How does weight affect your car?

The heavier the vehicle, the more energy it needs to get moving. Extra weight also increases a vehicle's rolling resistance, which is a force that resists forward motion produced as the wheels roll over the road. This means that reducing weight is a very effective way to lower a vehicle's fuel consumption.

How does the weight of a vehicle affect its speed?

Adding extra weight to your car will slow acceleration, but won't reduce its top speed. In determining a car's top speed, its engine battles two main forces: rolling resistance and aerodynamic drag. At very high speeds, air resistance makes up the vast majority of the overall drag on your car.

How the weight of the vehicle affect stopping distance?

The brake power required to stop a vehicle varies directly with its weight and the “square” of its speed. For example, if weight is doubled, stopping power must be doubled to stop in the same distance. If speed is doubled, stopping power must be increased four times to stop in the same distance.

Why does the weight of a car matter?

Weight is important when two vehicles collide. The bigger vehicle will push the lighter one backward during the impact. That puts less force on the people inside the heavier vehicle and more on the people in the lighter vehicle.