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David Bruyette, DVM, Diplomate ACVIM (Internal Medicine) Methimazole (oral and transdermal) is a safe and effective medication for the treatment of feline hyperthyroidism. Dr. Bruyette discusses drug administration and monitoring, plus 10 key points of owner education. Methimazole is commonly used for the pharmacologic management of feline hyperthyroidism.1 This article reviews the properties of methimazole that are of importance to practitioners treating this common endocrinopathy. PROFILE OF MEDICATIONClassificationThis compound belongs to the imidazole-thiones. These aromatic compounds contain an imidazole ring, which bears a thioketone group. Methimazole (1-methylimidazole-2-thiol; Figure) is a white, crystalline substance that is freely soluble in water. The chemical formula is C4H6N2S; molecular weight is 114.16 daltons. Carbimazole, which is also used in the treatment of hyperthyroidism in cats, is a prodrug, which is converted to methimazole in the liver. Mechanism of ActionPharmacodynamics. Methimazole is a thioureylene antithyroid agent that inhibits formation of thyroid hormones by interfering with the incorporation of iodine into tyrosyl residues of thyroglobulin. This process takes place by interfering with oxidation of iodide ion and iodotyrosyl groups through inhibition of the peroxidase enzyme. However, it does not affect the thyroid gland’s ability to trap inorganic iodide or release preformed hormones (T3 and T4). Methimazole has also been shown to inhibit vitamin K epoxide reductase, which can lead to bleeding disorders characterized by a prolonged PIVKA (proteins induced by vitamin K absence or antagonism) and, rarely, a prolonged prothrombin time. Pharmacokinetics. Methimazole is minimally protein bound, metabolized in the liver, and excreted primarily in the urine. In cats, oral methimazole is rapidly absorbed, with:
See Transdermal Methimazole: How Does It Measure Up? for more information on this route of administration and its mechanism of action. APPLICATION IN VETERINARY MEDICINEIndicationsMethimazole is FDA-approved for the treatment of hyperthyroidism in cats. It may also be used to control hyperthyroidism in dogs with functional thyroid tumors (off-label use). Methimazole (Felimazole, dechra-us.com) is approved for use in the U.S. and other countries, while carbimazole (Vidalta, merck-animal-health.com) is approved for use outside the U.S. ContraindicationsMethimazole should not be used in cats with:
Methimazole should also not be used in pregnant or lactating queens; laboratory studies in rats and mice have shown evidence of teratogenic and embryotoxic effects of this medication.
IN THE LITERATUREA number of recent studies have evaluated the use of methimazole in cats with hyperthyroidism, evaluating its effects on renal and thyroid function, route of administration, and quality of life. Best Use of Antithyroid DrugsHypertension, progression of chronic kidney disease, iatrogenic hypothyroidism, and persistence of hyperthyroidism are all concerns when managing patients with hyperthyroidism. A recent paper (2014) described the “best practice” of using antithyroid drugs for pharmacologic management of hyperthyroid cats.4 Treatment. Two drugs have been licensed for cats in the last decade: methimazole and its prodrug carbimazole. Based on current evidence and available tablet sizes, recommended starting doses include:
These doses should then be titrated to effect in order to obtain circulating total thyroxine (TT4) concentrations in the lower half of the reference interval. Monitoring. Patients should be monitored for side effects, especially during the first months of treatment. Some side effects may require discontinuation of treatment. At each monitoring visit, clinical condition and quality of life should also be evaluated, with special attention to possible development of azotemia, hypertension, and iatrogenic hypothyroidism. When euthyroidism has been achieved, monitoring visits are recommended after 1 month, 3 months, and twice yearly thereafter. Survival Time. Cats with pre-existing azotemia have shorter survival times. However, development of mild azotemia during the initial course of treatment, unless associated with hypothyroidism, does not appear to decrease survival time. Long-Term Effects. The long-term effects of chronic medical management require further study, including the value of monitoring free T4 (fT4) and thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) concentration to detect subclinical hyper- and hypothyroidism, respectively.4 Owner Experiences with ManagementA recent study (2013) surveyed 111 owners of hyperthyroid cats about their experiences and views on the management of hyperthyroidism.5 Treatment. The final treatment decision was usually based on the veterinarian’s recommendation or joint decision-making between the owner and veterinarian.
Results. Management of hyperthyroidism using United Kingdom veterinary-licensed oral antithyroid medication (methimazole or carbimazole) was associated with 72% to 75% success rates in terms of owner-assessed clinical outcome.
Conclusion. These results suggest that, for most cat owners, there is no barrier to prescribing twice-daily antithyroid medication, if required.5 Transdermal Methimazole TreatmentA retrospective study (2013) was conducted to evaluate the efficacy and safety of long-term transdermal methimazole treatment in hyperthyroid cats. Sixty cats with newly diagnosed hyperthyroidism and available long-term follow-up information were included.6 Treatment & Monitoring. Methimazole was formulated in a PLO-based vehicle and applied to the pinna of the inner ear. Depending on clinician preference, the starting doses were:
Cats were re-evaluated at regular intervals, and median follow-up was 22.6 months. Results. Clinical improvement was observed in all cats and side effects were rare (mild transient gastrointestinal signs, n = 3; erythema of the pinna, n = 2), but necessitated a switch to oral medication.
Conclusion. The authors concluded that transdermal methimazole is a safe option for the long-term management of feline hyperthyroidism. However, it seems difficult to maintain T4 concentrations consistently within the reference interval. A requirement for higher doses can be expected after prolonged treatment and, despite the convenience of transdermal application, owner compliance should be assessed regularly.6 ADMINISTRATION IN FELINE PATIENTSDosageStarting doses for methimazole therapy have decreased since the disease was first discovered, mainly due to the lower concentrations of TT4 seen in the majority of hyperthyroid patients diagnosed today. The suggested initial starting doses are:
RouteTransdermal methimazole is suggested as an alternative to oral therapy for hyperthyroid cats that are difficult to pill. See Transdermal Methimazole Treatment, for further information on transdermal administration. DurationMethimazole can be used:
Adverse EffectsCommon. In cats, the most common side effects of methimazole/carbimazole administration are gastrointestinal (hyporexia to anorexia, vomiting, and diarrhea). Most of the gastrointestinal side effects can be controlled by discontinuation of the medication and supportive care. Once the signs have resolved, the medication can be restarted at a lower dose and titrated upward to achieve the desired clinical and biochemical endpoints. Severe. More severe side effects include lymphadenopathy,7 hepatopathies, aplastic anemia, thrombocytopenia, and agranulocytosis, which are generally manifested within the first few months of treatment. Uncommon. Less frequent events include facial pruritus, exfoliative dermatitis, myasthenia gravis,8 and a bleeding disorder secondary to vitamin K antagonism. Drug Interactions
Owners should be familiar with the following key points about methimazole. 2. Methimazole may cause vomiting, gastric distress, headache, fever, arthralgia, pruritus, and pancytopenia in humans. Safe Use 3. The medication should be kept out of reach of children. 4. Tablets should not be broken or crushed. 5. Protective gloves should be worn to prevent direct contact with litter, feces, urine, or vomit of treated cats, and with broken or moistened tablets. 6. Owners should wash hands with soap and water after administration of the drug to avoid exposure. 7. Owners should also wash hands after handling the litter of treated cats. Pregnancy & Lactation 8. Methimazole is a human teratogen and crosses the placenta, concentrating in the fetal thyroid gland. There is also a high rate of transfer into breast milk. 9. Pregnant women, women who may become pregnant, and nursing mothers should wear gloves when handling tablets, litter, or bodily fluids of treated cats. Ingestion or Overdose MONITORINGFollow-UpAt each monitoring visit, clinical signs and quality of life should be evaluated, with special attention to possible development of azotemia, hypertension, and iatrogenic hypothyroidism. When starting treatment, the pet is re-evaluated at 2-week intervals with assessment of clinical signs, renal function tests, and a TT4. When euthyroidism has been achieved, monitoring visits are recommended after 1 month, 3 months, and twice yearly thereafter via laboratory testing as outlined below (Laboratory Analysis). Laboratory AnalysisLaboratory monitoring should include a complete blood count, serum biochemistry profile, TT4 concentration, and urinalysis. With regard to TT4 concentration:
IN SUMMARYMethimazole (oral and transdermal) is a safe and effective medication for the treatment of feline hyperthyroidism when dosed and monitored appropriately. fT4 = free thyroxine; PLO = pluronic lecithin organogel; T4 = thyroxine; TSH = thyroid stimulating hormone; TT4 = total thyroxine References
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